XB-IMG-130153
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Fig. 3 – Rai1 is required for normal orofacial development. Rai1 morphants injected with 5 ng of morpholino were analyzed at stage 42. (A) Representative frontal views (i, iii) and lateral views (ii, iv) of embryos injected with 5 ng of Rai1 and control MO. The mouth is outlined in red dots (i and iii) or indicated with a red arrow (ii and iv). In lateral views (ii and iv) the head is outlined with white dots to emphasize the protruding forehead. The snout appears shorter and the mouth is smaller and rounder in the Rai1 morphants than controls. Abbreviations: cg; cement gland. (B) Traditional measurements of facial dimensions in Rai1 morphants verses controls. Schematics indicate where measurements were taken. Data as bar graphs (i– v), show statistically a shorter snout, smaller midface area, a narrower face, and rounder mouth. (C) Morphometric analysis of orofacial shape in Rai1 morphants supports tradition measurements and provides details of changes in orofacial shape. (i) Principal component analysis shows distinct separation of orofacial shapes in Rai1 morphants and controls. Control morphants are in black and Rai1 morphants are in red. (ii) Discriminant function analysis showing the statistically significant procrustes distance and p-value as well as the transformation grid of the changes in landmark location. Note the dramatic shift in nostril landmarks (arrows) and corresponding warping in the midface indicative of midface hypoplasia. Also notable is the shifts in mouth landmarks consistent with a rounder shape mouth. Image published in: Tahir R et al. (2014) Copyright © 2014. Image reproduced with permission of the Publisher, Elsevier B. V. Larger Image Printer Friendly View |