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Figure 3. Comparison of viscoelastic models of morphogenesis for ramped versus stepped forces.(A) Diagram of model. Summed contractions (wavy lines) average out to stepped or ramped stresses (σ) depending on when cells begin contracting. When applied to the viscoelastic material with compliance J[t], the deformations (strains, ε) follow the time course of ramped forces more closely than stepped force. This can be visualized as adding up strains due to a series of stepped forces applied over time (dotted lines on right). (B) Predictions for RCP, the ratio of the time for morphogenesis (blastopore closure) to the time for patterning (D-V progression of involution), as a function of the time for patterning at temperature T, normalized to the time for patterning at 16°C, for ramped vs. stepped models for different values of β. Yellow dots: grand mean of experimentally observed values. The curves automatically converge to the right hand dot (at 16°C) where T2 = T1 since tC at T1 is used to calculate RCP at T2. (C) Comparison of the observed RCP at 26°C to the predictions for models with ramped or stepped forces, and with temperature invariant or varying mechanical properties (inset: prediction for stepped force model with temperature dependent mechanical properties on a log scale.) Error bars indicate confidence intervals. (D) Histogram of bootstrap resampling estimates of RCP at 26°C for each model (10,000 resamples total). Image published in: von Dassow M et al. (2014) Image reproduced on Xenbase with permission of the publisher and the copyright holder. This image is reproduced with permission of the journal and the copyright holder. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution license Larger Image Printer Friendly View

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