Xenbase Image ID: 138797

Fig. 2. Knockdown of PQBP1 causes defective embryo morphogenesis. (A) Design of three pqbp1 antisense morpholino oligonucleotides (MOs). MO1 (purple bar) targets the ATG start codon of pqbp1a and pqbp1b (with three nucleotide mismatches), while MOa and MOb (blue bars) target the 5′ UTRs of pqbp1 a and b, respectively. Identical nucleotides between pqbp1 a and b are indicated by black background. (B-F) Tailbud tadpole stage embryos injected bilaterally at the two-cell stage with 50 ng control (CT) or pqbp1 (PQ) MOs as indicated (embryos in F received 100 ng MOs in total). (G) Translation of C-terminal myc-tagged Xenopus PQBP1 (PQ-myc) was blocked by co-injection of pqbp1 MO1 but not control MO (CT). GFP mRNA co-injected as a negative control for MO targeting and loading control. (H) Phenotypes of tailbud stage embryos dorsally targeted with control (CT) or the indicated amount of pqbp1 MO1. (I) Overexpression of PQBP1 via injected mRNA (PQ) perturbs normal development. Left panel, wild-type embryo (stage 26); right panel, embryos injected dorsally with pqbp1 mRNA (2 ng) at the four-cell stage. (J,K) Gastrulation and neurulation defects are partially rescued by MO-resistant pqbp1 mRNA. PQ MO (30 ng) co-injected dorsally with 2 ng lacZ mRNA encoding β-galactosidase (β-gal), displayed perturbed gastrulation (arrowheads point to open blastopores) substantially rescued by co-injection of morpholino-resistant pqbp1 (2 ng) (J). Embryos injected with PQ MO and either 0.4 or 2 ng of pqbp1 mRNA scored for the following phenotypes (K): closed blastopore with complete neural folds (closed+com NF), closed blastopore with partial neural folds (closed+part NF), closed blastopore without neural folds (closed) or open blastopore (open). WT, wild type. Image published in: Iwasaki Y and Thomsen GH (2014) Copyright © 2014. Image reproduced with permission of the publisher and the copyright holder. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. Experiment + Assay Source Phenotypes and Disease Xla Wt + pqbp1 MO + NF24 (whole-mount microscopy) Fig.2.C Anatomical Phenotype abnormally increased number of apoptotic cell absent tail bud decreased length of anterior-posterior axis decreased size of the head Disease Renpenning syndrome Xla Wt + pqbp1 MO + NF24 (whole-mount microscopy) Fig.2.D Anatomical Phenotype decreased length of anterior-posterior axis decreased size of the head decreased size of the tail bud Disease Renpenning syndrome Xla Wt + pqbp1 MO + NF24 (whole-mount microscopy) Fig.2.E Anatomical Phenotype decreased length of anterior-posterior axis decreased size of the head decreased size of the tail bud Disease Renpenning syndrome Xla Wt + pqbp1 MO + NF24 (whole-mount microscopy) Fig.2.F Anatomical Phenotype abnormally increased number of apoptotic cell absent tail bud decreased length of anterior-posterior axis decreased size of the head Disease Renpenning syndrome Xla Wt + pqbp1 MO + NF26 (whole-mount microscopy) Fig.2.H Anatomical Phenotype decreased length of anterior-posterior axis decreased size of the head decreased size of the tail bud Disease Renpenning syndrome Xla Wt + pqbp1 + NF26 (whole-mount microscopy) Fig.2.I Anatomical Phenotype decreased length of anterior-posterior axis decreased size of the head decreased size of the tail bud Xla Wt + pqbp1 MO + NF18 (whole-mount microscopy) Fig.2.J,K Anatomical Phenotype abnormal incomplete closing of the blastopore absent neural fold Disease Renpenning syndrome Larger Image Printer Friendly View

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