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Figure 4. DS-epi1 regulates gene markers of the neural plate border and cranial neural crest. Whole-mount in situ hybridization of early neurula embryos in an anterior view. The injected side is marked with a star. (A-F) A single animal injection of Dse-MO causes expansion of Pax3 and Msx1 expression at the neural plate border (arrows). The Dse-5MM-MO has no effect. (G-T) Dse-MO has no significant effect on Sox9; however, it triggers a reduction in Foxd3 and Twist expression, as well as an expansion of c-Myc expression (arrows). Normal Twist and c-Myc expression is restored by the co-injection of Dse-MO and 250 pg Dse* mRNA. nlacZ mRNA was injected as a lineage tracer (red nuclei). Indicated phenotypes are shown as follows: A, 37/42; B, 32/38; D, 26/30; E, 30/31; G, 35/37; H, 58/63; J, 30/30; K, 26/36; M, 13/20; N, 48/61; O, 16/27; Q, 90/90; R, 77/89; and S, 15/26. Statistical significance was determined using Fisher’s exact test and two-tailed P values, ****, p<0.0001. Image published in: Gouignard N et al. (2016) © 2016. This image is reproduced with permission of the journal and the copyright holder. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution license Gene Synonyms Species Stage(s) Tissue pax3.S cdhs, hup2, pax-3, pax3-a, pax3-b, Waardenburg syndrome 1, ws1, xpax3 X. laevis Throughout NF stage 15 neural plate border msx1.L hox-7, hox7, msx-1, msx1-a, msx1-b, Xhox-7.1, Xmsx-1, xmsx1 X. laevis Throughout NF stage 15 neural plate border sox9.S cmd1, cmpd1, sox-9, sox9-a, sox9-b, sra1 X. laevis Throughout NF stage 16 cranial neural crest foxd3.L fkh6, foxd3-a, foxd3-b, XFD-6, xfoxd3 X. laevis Throughout NF stage 16 cranial neural crest twist1.S twist, twist1-a, twist1-b, X-twi, Xtwi, Xtwist X. laevis Throughout NF stage 16 cranial neural crest myc.S c-myc, cmyc, myc-a, myc-b, X-cmyc, Xcmyc X. laevis Throughout NF stage 16 anterior neural fold cranial neural crest Image source: Published Experiment + Assay Source Phenotypes and Disease Xla Wt + dse MO + NF15 (in situ hybridization) Fig.4 N Disease Ehlers-Danlos syndrome Expression Phenotype decreased amount twist1 expression in premigratory neural crest cell Xla Wt + dse MO + NF16 (in situ hybridization) Fig.4 R Disease Ehlers-Danlos syndrome Expression Phenotype decreased amount myc expression in premigratory neural crest cell Larger Image Printer Friendly View

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