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Figure 5. DS-epi1 regulates cranial neural crest cell migration. (A-G) Anterior view of late neurula embryos. The injected side is marked with a star. Dse-MO impairs the segregation of Twist+ and Snail2+ CNC cells (arrows). The effect is reverted by 250 pg Dse* mRNA. (H-M) Lateral view of tailbud embryos. Dse-MO leads to defective migration of Twist+ CNC cells (arrow) on the injected side, which is rescued by the co-injection of 250 pg Dse* mRNA and 25 pg pcDNA3/CTAP-DSE plasmid, but not 25 pg pcDNA3/CTAP-DSE (H205A) plasmid DNA. (N) Western blot analysis of lysates from embryos injected with 100 pg pcDNA3/CTAP-DSE or pcDNA3/CTAP-DSE (H205A) plasmid DNA and probed for DS-epi1 ALPHA-Tubulin is a loading control. br, branchial segment; ey, eye; hy, hyoid segment; ma, mandibular segment. Indicated phenotypes are shown as follows: A, 15/16; B, 30/34; D, 41/46; E, 50/65; F, 20/37; H, 25/27; I, 31/41; J, 36/44; K, 27/40; and L, 14/18. Statistical significance was determined using Fisher’s exact test and two-tailed P values, ***, p<0.005; ****, p<0.0001. Image published in: Gouignard N et al. (2016) © 2016. This image is reproduced with permission of the journal and the copyright holder. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution license Gene Synonyms Species Stage(s) Tissue twist1.S twist, twist1-a, twist1-b, X-twi, Xtwi, Xtwist X. laevis Throughout NF stage 20 cranial neural crest snai2.L slug, snai2-a, snai2-b, Snail2, xSlu, xslug, XSnail2 X. laevis Throughout NF stage 20 cranial neural crest twist1.S twist, twist1-a, twist1-b, X-twi, Xtwi, Xtwist X. laevis Sometime during NF stage 11 to NF stage 26 cranial neural crest mandibular crest hyoid crest branchial crest anterior branchial crest posterior branchial crest Image source: Published Experiment + Assay Source Phenotypes and Disease Xla Wt + dse MO + NF20 (in situ hybridization) Fig.5 B Anatomical Phenotype abnormal cell migration abnormal migratory neural crest cell Disease Ehlers-Danlos syndrome Expression Phenotype decreased amount twist1 expression in premigratory neural crest cell Xla Wt + dse MO + NF20 (in situ hybridization) Fig.5 E Disease Ehlers-Danlos syndrome Expression Phenotype decreased amount snai2 expression in premigratory neural crest cell Xla Wt + dse MO + NF26 (in situ hybridization) Fig.5 I Disease Ehlers-Danlos syndrome Expression Phenotype decreased amount twist1 expression in premigratory neural crest cell Larger Image Printer Friendly View

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