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Figure 5. Deformation of cells and tissue in ectoderm.(a) Groups of cells in neural plate and lateral epidermis, at middle gastrula stage and early neurula stage. Cell membrane was tagged by membrane-tethered-GFP and the cells were traced. (b) Illustration of measured motion of cells and group of cells. Cells were tracked and it was decomposed into rotation (spin rate) and deformation (contraction and elongation, strain rate). The measured deformation gave direction of the elongation. For the cells and the groups of cells, widths along antero-posterior (AP) axis and elongating direction were measured to get AP elongation rate, cell elongation rate, and tissue elongation rate. (c) AP elongation rate versus antisymmetric spin rate. Blue plots: neural ectoderm. Red plots: epidermal ectoderm. (d) AP elongation rate versus symmetric strain rate, colored as c. (e) Tissue elongation rate versus cells elongation rate, colored as c. (f) Schematic diagram of ectodermal cell during morphogenesis. The cell is pulled by outer force (grey arrows outside the cell) and generating inner tension (grey arrow inside the cell). FRET efficiency of ActTS-GR indicates the inner tension. Cellular deformation depends on the outer force minus the inner tension. Image published in: Yamashita S et al. (2016) Copyright © 2016, Macmillan Publishers Limited. This image is reproduced with permission of the journal and the copyright holder. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution license Larger Image Printer Friendly View

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