Xenbase Image ID: 153552

Figure 3. Leftward Cilia-Driven Fluid Flow across the GRP in the Frog XenopusGTT analysis of flow by assessment of particle movement in dorsal explants in vitro.(A) Bright-field view of stage (st.) 17 explant. GRP outlined by dashed line. Frame-by-frame tracks of three individual beads are indicated in blue. The scale bar represents 50 μm.(B–E) GTT data processing. Analysis of flow by stepwise processing of raw imaging data. An identical particle is indicated by blue arrowheads in panels (B), (D), and (E).(B) Single frames at 0 s (B0), 10 s (B10), and 20 s (B20) and collapse of 51 consecutive frames representing 25 s into one image (B0–25).(C) Exemplary frame-by-frame tracking of a single particle. Note the circular track that appears in (C20) and reflects clockwise rotation of the cilium.(D) Normalized sequence after image processing. Note the equal size of the particles.(E) Gradient time trails (GTT). Timing information is added through assignment of a color gradient ranging from green (time 0 s) to red (time 25 s).(F–I) GTT analysis of particle movement at the GRP and LECs at stages 14 (F), 15 (G), 17 (H), and 19 (I). Arrowheads in (G) indicate turbulent clockwise accelerations of beads. Arrowheads in (H) highlight particles pulled into the GRP at the right margin (white) and rapidly moved onto the LECs at the left margin (blue). The color-gradient bar in (H) represents 25 s; the scale bar in (I) represents 50 μm.Abbreviations are as follows: a, anterior; bp, blastopore; l, left; LEC, lateral endodermal cells; p, posterior; and r, right. Image published in: Schweickert A et al. (2007) Copyright © 2007. Image reproduced with permission of the Publisher, Elsevier B. V. Larger Image Printer Friendly View

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