Xenbase Image ID: 156047

Figure 3. Conservation in molecular mechanisms of TH signaling in mammals and amphibians. Processes from TH transport into the cell to altered gene expression share homologous proteins and mechanisms in humans and frogs. (1) TH transporters, such as LAT1 and MCT8, enable TH entry into cells where (2) deiodinase type I, II, and III function to remove iodine atoms from TH to activate or deactivate it. Before entry into the nucleus, (3) cytoplasmic TH binding proteins (CTHBPs), e.g., mu-crystallin, modulate cytoplasmic occupancy. In the cell nucleus, (4) TH receptor (TR) heterodimerizes with retinoid-X-receptor (RXR) and binds to DNA at (5) TH response elements (TREs), where either (6) co-repressors, e.g., NCoR or SMRT, or co-activators, e.g., SRC, p300, PRMT1, CARM1, are recruited depending on (7) the absence or presence of TH. The cofactors alter (8) the state of chromatin ultimately leading to (9) induced expression of TH response genes, e.g., klf9, TRβ, in mammals and frogs. Image published in: Sachs LM and Buchholz DR (2017) Copyright © 2017. Image reproduced with permission of the Publisher, John Wiley & Sons. Larger Image Printer Friendly View

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