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Fig 2. Settings for mechanical tissue simulation using a vertex dynamics model.(A) A schematic diagram of the vertex dynamics model. In this model, each cell is represented as a polygon formed by linking several vertices. Each vertex moves in a manner that decreases the energy U of the system. U is composed of three terms: area constraint, line tension and perimeter contractility. The mechanical traits of each cell are represented by two kinds of parameters Λαβ and Γα. Λαβ is the coefficient for tension acting on a cell edge between cell α and cell β (blue line). The other parameter Γα is the contractility of the apical surface (red dashed line). (B) The rule of cell division orientation. A cell divides with an axis through its center (left). The orientation of the axis is a random variable obeying the von Mises distribution f(θ;κ) around the shortest axis θ obtained by elliptical approximation of the cell. The randomness can be regulated by a single parameter κ (right). (C) Cell rearrangement (T1-process) and elimination (T2-process). As a consequence of push-pull dynamics between cells in a growing tissue, the spatial rearrangement and elimination of cells occur. The rearrangement occurs when the edge length is less than the T1-threshold θT1 (left). Elimination is implemented simply by removing the cell whose area is less than the T2-threshold θT2, which is called a T2-process (right). Image published in: Lee SW and Morishita Y (2017) © 2017 Lee, Morishita. This image is reproduced with permission of the journal and the copyright holder. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution license Larger Image Printer Friendly View

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