Xenbase Image ID: 171874

FIGURE 1. Ketamine exposure results in neurocristopathies. Upon ketamine exposure from stage 7 to stage 13.5. (A) Embryos exhibit shortened axis, faded trunk pigment (red arrowhead), and deficient eyes (blue arrowhead) at tailbud stage and severity of phenotypes are in a dose-dependent manner. (B) Sections of eyes in ketamine-treated embryos revealed a more rounding shape pigment, disorganized arrangement of cells (DAPI staining), reduced expression of β-tubulin III compared with the control group. Ketamine exposure also causes embryos to develop a mega-colon like phenotype (C), and cranial cartilage atrophy (D). GCL, ganglionic cell layer; INL, inner nuclear layer; ONL, outer nuclear layer; L, lens; Mk, Meckel’s cartilage; ch, ceratohyal cartilage; bh, basihyal cartilage; ba, branchial cartilage. Numbers in (A,D) indicate ketamine exposure concentration (mM) to embryos. Scale bar: (A–C) 100 μm, (D) 1 mm. Image published in: Shi Y et al. (2018) Copyright © 2018. This image is reproduced with permission of the journal and the copyright holder. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution license Gene Synonyms Species Stage(s) Tissue tubb2b.L N-Tub, n-tubulin, NBT, neural beta-tubulin, NST, ntubulin, Xn-tubulin X. laevis Throughout NF stage 22 to NF stage 44 enteric neuron tubb3.L beta-tubulin III, LOC108715419, tubulin beta3 X. laevis Throughout NF stage 40 eye lens Image source: Published Larger Image Printer Friendly View

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