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FIGURE 2. Ketamine blocks NC induction independent of mesoderm genesis. (A) The expression of the NC marker gene Slug was inhibited by ketamine in a dose-dependent manner. The numbers of embryos showing similar changes in gene expression and total embryos in each concentration group are indicated. (B) Early mesoderm development is not affected upon ketamine exposure. There were no significant differences in the expression pattern of mesoderm marker genes chordin, Xbra, Wnt8, and Fgf8 between control and ketamine-treated group prior to NC induction. (C) Quantitative analysis of gene expression patterns between control and ketamine group. Scale bar: 100 μm. Image published in: Shi Y et al. (2018) Copyright © 2018. This image is reproduced with permission of the journal and the copyright holder. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution license Gene Synonyms Species Stage(s) Tissue snai2.L slug, snai2-a, snai2-b, Snail2, xSlu, xslug, XSnail2 X. laevis Throughout NF stage 14 neural crest chrd.L chd, chordin, chrd.1, LOC108716939, X-chordin X. laevis Throughout NF stage 11.5 mesoderm dorsal marginal zone tbxt.L bra, brachyury, ntl, t, t-a, t-b, X-bra, Xbra, Xbrachyury X. laevis Throughout NF stage 11.5 mesoderm marginal zone wnt8a.L wnt-8, wnt8, Xwnt-8, Xwnt8 X. laevis Throughout NF stage 11.5 mesoderm ventro-lateral marginal zone fgf8.L AIGF, FGF-8, fgf-8b, fgf8a, fgf8b, MGC79739, Xfgf-8, Xfgf8 X. laevis Throughout NF stage 11.5 mesoderm marginal zone Image source: Published Larger Image Printer Friendly View

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