Xenbase Image ID: 172690

Fig. 5. AKT signaling mediates the effect of PFKFB4 on premigratory NC maturation. (A) In embryos, PFKFB4 regulates AKT signaling in addition to glycolysis. Dissected morphant st.14 NB or st.17 NC displayed decreased AKT signaling. (B) AKT regulates many aspects of cell homeostasis including cell proliferation, cell survival, and cell metabolism. However, EdU incorporation showed that cell proliferation rate was normal after PFKFB4MO injections. Error bars represent s.e.m. n.s., not significant. (C,D) PFKFB4MO affected late NC specifier twist1 expression, whereas the NC stem cell marker cmyc was normally activated. (E-H) Pharmacological treatment during neural fold stage (st.14-18) showed that blocking MAPK signaling (E,G) did not affect NC development, but blocking PI3K-AKT signaling (F,H) affected twist1 but not cmyc, thus phenocopying the PFKFB4MO effect. (I,J) Co-injection of PFKFB4MO with a constitutively AKT (caAkt; blue arrows) rescued the morphant twist1 phenotype (red arrowheads): two sibling embryos for each injection are shown. St.18 pfkfb4 morphants presented diminished twist1. In contrast, siblings co-injected with PFKFB4MO and caAkt mRNA had normal twist1 expression in the majority of cases. Scale bars: 500 μm. Phenotype scores are shown in Tables S8, S13. Image published in: Figueiredo AL et al. (2017) Copyright © 2017. Image reproduced with permission of the publisher and the copyright holder. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. Gene Synonyms Species Stage(s) Tissue twist1.L twist, twist1-a, twist1-b, X-twi, Xtwi, Xtwist X. laevis Throughout NF stage 14 neural crest neural plate border myc.L c-myc, cmyc, myc-a, myc-b, X-cmyc, Xcmyc X. laevis Throughout NF stage 14 neural crest neural plate border Image source: Published Larger Image Printer Friendly View

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