Xenbase Image ID: 172692

Fig. 7. Glycolysis and PI3K-AKT signaling impact NC migration similarly to PFKFB4 low-level depletion, and activating AKT signaling rescues PFKFB4 downregulation. (A-H) When glycolysis (2DG) or PI3K-AKT pathway (LY294002) were blocked during EMT and migration (st.18-24) both treatments severely affected NC migration at st.24 (as revealed by twist1 and sox10 expression). (I-L) At st.45, tadpoles treated during NC migration then grown in control medium, exhibited general head morphology defects, including eye defects and smaller branchial cartilages. (I,K) Sibling controls; (J) 2DG; (L) LY294002. A-H show side views; I-L dorsal views. (M-P) At tadpole st.45, morphant sides were severely affected (M,P), whereas activation of Akt signaling (N,P) did not affect overall craniofacial morphogenesis. Tadpoles coinjected with PFKFB4MO and caAkt (O,P) were largely rescued, with 66% of embryos with injected side symmetrical to contralateral side. (M) Red bar indicates eye distance from the midline on the morphant side; blue bar indicates control distance. Both bars are aligned below for comparison. (N,O) On both sides, the same blue bar measures eye distance from the midline. Arrowheads indicate the injected side. Scale bar: 500 μm. Phenotype scores are shown in Tables S11, S12. Image published in: Figueiredo AL et al. (2017) Copyright © 2017. Image reproduced with permission of the publisher and the copyright holder. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. Gene Synonyms Species Stage(s) Tissue twist1.L twist, twist1-a, twist1-b, X-twi, Xtwi, Xtwist X. laevis Throughout NF stage 24 cranial neural crest mandibular crest hyoid crest migratory neural crest cell sox10.L X. laevis Throughout NF stage 24 cranial neural crest mandibular crest hyoid crest migratory neural crest cell otic placode Image source: Published Larger Image Printer Friendly View

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