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Figure 5. Summation of EPSPs to firing threshold in reticulospinal hdINs following a trunk skin stimulus on the opposite side. A, Neurobiotin fill of the neuron in the left caudal hindbrain recorded in B-D. (Box location as in Fig. 4A.) B, Three superimposed responses (from C) to contra-lateral stimuli evoking swimming show the noisy rise of excitation towards spike threshold (spike onsets marked by red arrowheads). C, D, Recordings show variability in EPSP summation in responses to trunk skin stimulation just above C and below D swim threshold (see ventral root vr). Arrowheads mark example EPSPs and responses are offset for clarity. Asterisks mark artifacts due to spikes in another hdIN recording electrode on the other side. E, F, Raster plots of EPSP latencies in response to skin stimuli at t = 0 where each colour is a different hdIN and each row is a different response. E, EPSPs up to the time of the first hdIN spike of swimming (14 hdINs). F, EPSPs to stimuli below swimming threshold (6 hdINs), persist for more than 150 ms after the stimulus. G, EPSP latency distributions for responses in F. H, Slower time scale recordings show long duration of responses below swim threshold. Arrowheads mark example EPSPs. I, The long duration of the excitation is clear from an average of the 5 responses in H. J, K, Raster plots and distributions of EPSP latencies (like F, G) in animals with the midbrain removed. Image published in: Koutsikou S et al. (2018) © 2018 The Authors The Journal of Physiology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of The Physiological Society. This image is reproduced with permission of the journal and the copyright holder. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution license Larger Image Printer Friendly View

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