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Figure 3. Acetaldehyde phenocopies the malformations induced by ethanol. Embryos were treated with AcAL (5 µM), EtOH (0.5%) or DEAB (60 µM) and allowed to develop. At stage 34, embryos were assessed for general developmental malformations comparing controls (a) to EtOH (b), AcAL (c) and DEAB (d) treated embryos. For better qualitative length comparison, a line was drawn from the forehead to the tail-tip of the control embryo (a). This line was copied unto the treated embryos (b,c,d). For head size comparison, a bracket was drawn from the forehead to the beginning of the dorsal fin (a). A copy of the same bracket was placed at the onset of the dorsal fin in the treated embryos (b,c,d). For a more quantitative comparison of the malformations, at stage 45 the malformations in head formation were characterized. (e–i) The head region of control (e and g), AcAL (f), EtOH (h) and DEAB (i) treated embryos. The head anatomical distances measured according to Nakatsuji33 are shown. W3, inner distance between eyes; W5, head width; L1, length of head. Head malformations are shown as changes in size from control values for all the parameters, n = 70 (j–o). Two AcAL concentrations (1 µM and 5 µM) are shown (j, l and n). The size changes for EtOH and DEAB treated embryos are shown, n = 94 (k, m and o). P values - *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001; ****p < 0.0001. Image published in: Shabtai Y et al. (2018) © The Author(s) 2017. This image is reproduced with permission of the journal and the copyright holder. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution license Larger Image Printer Friendly View

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