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Figure 4. Acetaldehyde competes for the human RALDH2. The effect of ethanol and its oxidation product, acetaldehyde, on hRALDH2 activity was studied in vivo. Embryos injected with plasmid encoding hRALDH2 or control embryos were treated with AcAL (5 µM), EtOH (0.5%), RAL (1 µM) or DEAB (20 µM), individually or in different combinations. Treatments were initiated during late blastula, and RNA samples were prepared during early/mid-gastrula. The effect of the combined treatments was determined by analyzing the response of the RA-regulated genes, HoxA1 (a,e,i, and m), HoxB4 (b,f,j and n), Cyp26A1 (c,g,k and o) and Dhrs3 (d,h,l and p) by qPCR. (a–d) Overexpression of hRALDH2 together with EtOH treatment. (e–h) AcAL treatment together with hRALDH2 overexpression. (i–l) Combined treatment with AcAL and RAL. (m–o) Combined treatment with DEAB and AcAL. n = 3, The values denote mean ± SEM. P values - *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001; ****p < 0.0001; ns, not significant. Image published in: Shabtai Y et al. (2018) © The Author(s) 2017. This image is reproduced with permission of the journal and the copyright holder. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution license Larger Image Printer Friendly View

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