Xenbase Image ID: 174926

Figure 4. Harmonic dyad production is intrinsic to the isolated larynx and requires intact elastic cartilage septa.A singing male and an isolated larynx with intact elastic cartilage septa produce the same dyad in sound and laser recordings (A) Recordings from a X. boumbaensis male. Spectrograph (frequency vs time) of one pulse obtained from sound and laser vibrometry recordings. At right: Power spectra from the sound (grey) and laser (black) spectrographs. (B) Recordings from the isolated larynx of a X. boumbaensis male. Spectrograph (frequency vs time) of one pulse obtained from sound and laser vibrometry recordings, At right: Power spectra from the sound (grey) and laser (black) spectrographs. Note that the broad band frequency peak ~1 kHz in the sound recordings (gray) is not present in the laser recordings (black) and is thus an artifact of recording conditions (glass aquaria or Petri dish). Spectrographs are color graded to show increased intensity (blue to red). C - D Intact elastic cartilage is required for the production of frequency dyads. (C) Transverse section of an osmicated, epon-embedded male X. laevis larynx just anterior to the nerve (n) entry point in B; dorsal is up. The hyaline cartilage (hc) frame is flanked laterally by paired, bipennate laryngeal dilator muscles (m). Elastic cartilage sheets divide the lumen of the larynx into a central chamber (C) and two symmetrical lateral chambers (L). Elastic cartilage is recognizable by its unique, lace-like cellular morphology (inset). Scale bar 1 mm. (D) When elastic cartilage of the isolated larynx is disrupted bilaterally (red) via puncture (see Figure 1—figure supplement 1), the two DFs characteristic of the intact larynx (in black) are replaced by a single, intermediate DF in red). Image published in: Kwong-Brown U et al. (2019) © 2019, Kwong-Brown et al. This image is reproduced with permission of the journal and the copyright holder. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution license Larger Image Printer Friendly View

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