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Figure 2. Physiological quantification of embryo heart function in EtOH treated tadpoles. For this experiment 30 controls and 30 EtOH exposed tadpoles analyzed. Measurements derived from manual segmentation includes surface area at the end of diastole and systole and the change in ventricle area. (A) Before-after graph presented with extra columns pointing mean with SEM in red. Green line between means flattens as change in surface area diminishes in EtOH group. (B,C) Ventricles of the ethanol exposed tadpoles were slightly smaller in size but had diminished change in the ventricle area. Following HCSA application, Hb blush quantified at the end of diastole and systole. Ejection fraction is derived from these measurements. (D) Before-after graph presented with extra columns pointing mean with SEM in red. Green line between means flattens as change in blush area diminishes in EtOH group. (E,F) Ethanol exposed tadpoles had less blood at the end of diastole and blood is not propelled efficiently leading an increase in end systolic Hb blush, diminished ejection fraction, and diminished (G) stroke area. (H) Myocardial Mass Index. In ethanol exposed tadpoles myocardial mass is diminished. SEM, standard error of the mean; Hb Blush, Hemoglobin-containing pixels; tEDA, total end-diastolic area; tESA, total end-systolic area; ΔtA, change in total area; EDBA, end diastolic blood area; ESBA, end-systolic blood area; EF, ejection fraction; MMI, myocardiac mass index; HCSA, Hb contrast subtraction angiography. ****p < 0.0001, ***p < 0.001, and **p < 0.01. Image published in: Deniz E et al. (2019) Copyright © 2019 Deniz, Jonas, Khokha and Choma. This image is reproduced with permission of the journal and the copyright holder. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution license Larger Image Printer Friendly View

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