Xenbase Image ID: 81340

Exposure to retinoic acid (RA) causes an increase in ski expression. A: When Xenopus embryos were exposed to 1mM retinoic acid from stage 14 to 20, stage 20 to 26, or from stage 26 to 32, there was an increase in ski expression as assayed by whole-mount in situ hybridization. If embryos were exposed to 1 mM retinoic acid antagonist expression of ski was reduced. This was particularly evident in the pharyngeal region (red arrows). B: Quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) for expression of ski in Xenopus embryos treated as mentioned previously between stages 140. Ski is significantly up-regulated in response to RA and down-regulated in embryos treated with RA antagonist. C: Positive control quantifying expression of downstream RA signaling target cyp26a1 in response to RA or RA antagonist treatment showing the expected increase and decrease (respectively) in expression. qRT-PCR is normalized to h4 mRNA levels. mRNA levels were normalized to the h4 housekeeping gene. Error bars represent standard error of the mean. n 1⁄4 5. *P < 0.05 **P < 0.01. Image published in: Melling MA et al. (2013) Copyright © 2013. Image reproduced with permission of the Publisher, John Wiley & Sons. Larger Image Printer Friendly View

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