XB-IMG-87037
Xenbase Image ID: 87037
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Fig. 4. Phenologs reveal plant models of human disease, including a model of Waardenburg syndrome (WS) neural crest defects. (A) Many orthologous phenotypes are observed between Arabidopsis and worms, yeast, mouse, and humans, with hundreds more than expected by chance. Many mammalian/plant phenologs relate to vertebrate developmental defects, including models for WS and other birth defects. (B) Considering only human/Arabidopsis orthologs, the three known WS genes significantly overlap the five genes associated with negative gravitropism defects in Arabidopsis. The plant gene set suggests unique candidate WS genes. (C) In situ hybridization versus candidate sec23ip in developing Xenopus embyros confirms neural crest cell expression. (D) Unilateral morpholino knockdown of sec23ip induces (E) defects in neural crest cell migration on the side with the knockdown (E'') but not the control side (E'), measured using in situ hybridization versus two independent markers of neural crest cells, snai2-a (defects observed in 23 of 35 animals tested) and twist (8 of 14 animals tested) (Fig S7). Such defects are rare in untreated control animals and off-target morpholino (OM) knockdowns (0 of 21 control animals tested with snai2-a; 1 of 14 OM animals tested with snai2-a; 0 of 14 OM animals tested with twist). Image published in: McGary KL et al. (2010) Copyright © 2010. Image reproduced with permission of the publisher and the copyright holder. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License.
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