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Toxicol Rep
2017 Jan 24;4:77-82. doi: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2017.01.003.
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A comparison of electronic and traditional cigarette butt leachate on the development of Xenopus laevis embryos.
Parker TT
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Rayburn J
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Potential developmental toxicities of three different cigarette butt leachates were evaluated using the frog embryo teratogenesis assay-Xenopus (FETAX). Xenopus laevis embryos were exposed to regular cigarette butt (RCB), menthol (MCB) and electronic (ECB) in concentrations ranging from 0 to 4 butts/l for RCB and MCB and 0-10 butts/l for ECB. The embryos were from stage 8 to 11 and were exposed for a 96-h period in static renewal test conditions. Median lethal concentration (LC50), malformation (EC50), non-observed adverse effect concentration (NOAEC), and lowest observed adverse effect concentration (LOAEC) were calculated. Results from these studies suggest that each tested leachate is teratogenic for X. laevis embryos. The lowest LC50 was determined for ECB exposure at 17.9 cigarette butts/L. The LC50 value was the highest with RCB and MCB having LC50 s of approximately 1 cigarette butt/L. There were notable EC50 differences with RCB having the highest and ECB the lowest. The NOAEC and LOAEC levels for RCB and MCB were below 1 cigarette butt/L for both mortality and malformations; over 8 butts/L for ECB mortality and over 4 butts/L for malformations. From these results, we conclude that RCB leachate is the most toxic compound, while MCB leachate has the higher teratogenicity. ECB leachate has the lowest toxic and teratogenic effects on embryos but there were still noticeable effects. The results confirmed that the FETAX assay can be useful in an integrated biological hazard assessment for the preliminary screening for ecological risks of cigarette butts, and electronic cigarettes, in aquatic environment.
Fig. 1. Representative concentration response graphs for Mortality & Malformation (Right Panel) and Growth (Left Panel) from a single experiment with Regular Cigarette Butt Leachate (RCBL). The Mortality & Malformation indicated an increasing response with concentration of RCBL. The growth curve indicated decreasing length with increasing concentration of RCBL. Error bars represent standard error.
Plate 1. Control embryo top left. Top right panel is RCBL (2CB/L) and the embryo exhibits minor malformations of head, gut and overall embryonic delayed development. The RCBL embryo also exhibited significant tail abnormalities. Bottom left is MCBL (0.5 CB/L) and the embryo exhibits severe edema in the heart, craniol-facial, and abdomial areas. There are also significant gut and facial abnormalities. Bottom Right panel is ECBL at 8 CB/L and the embryo exhibits some tail abnormalities. The embryo has moderate to severe edema, heart and gut abnormalities. The embryo also has facial abnormalities as well.
Fig. 2. Representative concentration response graphs for Mortality & Malformation (Right Panel) and Growth (Left Panel) from a single experiment with Menthol Cigarette Butt Leachate (MCBL). The Mortality & Malformation indicated an increasing response with concentration of MCBL. The growth curve indicated decreasing length with increasing concentration of MCBL. Error bars represent standard error.
Fig. 3. Representative concentration response graphs for Mortality & Malformation (Right Panel) and Growth (Left Panel) from a single experiment with Electronic Cigarette Butt Leachate (ECBL). The Mortality & Malformation indicated an increasing response with concentration of ECBL. The growth curve indicated decreasing length with increasing concentration of ECBL. Error bars represent standard error.
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