Figure 1. Expression and activity of the two dermatan sulfate epimerases inXenopus embryos. (A) Protein structures. Xenopus DS-epi1 and DS-epi2 contain cleavable signalpeptides (arrows), an epimerase domain, and two transmembrane domains. In DSepi1, the catalytic residues His-205, Tyr-261, and His-450 are indicated, which are also conserved in DS-epi2. DS-epi2 contains an additional sulfotransferase-like domain. (B) RT-PCR analysis. Histone H4 is used as the loading control. A minimum of two experiments (n≥2) was performed with three independent biological samples. (C) DS epimerase activity in early Xenopus embryos. Mean ±SDEV from triplicates. Two independent experiments. (D-E’) Whole-mount in situ hybridization of neurula embryos in the dorsal view (D,E) and transversal section (D’,E’). The arrowheads label the pre-migratory CNC cells. The dashed looped line demarcates the Snail2+ CNC embedded in the Dse expression domain. (F) qPCR analysis in CNC explants at stage 18. c-Myc was used as a CNC cell marker. Note that Dse but not Dsel mRNA is be detected. Mean ±SDEV from triplicates. Number of biological replicates n=4. (G-I’) Tailbud embryos in the lateral view (G-I) and horizontal section (G’-I’). Note that Dse and Dsel overlap with Twist expression in migrating CNC cells. Section planes are indicated with dashed straight lines. br, branchial arch segments; CNC, cranial neural crest; epi, epidermis; hy, hyoid segment; ma, mandibular segment; no, notochord; SP, signal peptide; TM, transmembrane domains.
Image published in: Gouignard N et al. (2016)
© 2016. This image is reproduced with permission of the journal and the copyright holder. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution license
| Gene | Synonyms | Species | Stage(s) | Tissue |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| dse.L | DS-epi1, SART2 | X. laevis | Throughout NF stage 17 | non-neural ectoderm cranial neural crest premigratory neural crest cell epidermis |
| snai2.L | slug, snai2-a, snai2-b, Snail2, xSlu, xslug, XSnail2 | X. laevis | Throughout NF stage 17 | cranial neural crest |
| dse.L | DS-epi1, SART2 | X. laevis | Throughout NF stage 29 and 30 | pharyngeal arch mandibular arch hyoid arch branchial arch notochord cranial neural crest migratory neural crest cell |
| dsel | C18orf4, LOC108717926 | X. tropicalis | Throughout NF stage 29 and 30 | cranial neural crest migratory neural crest cell pharyngeal arch mandibular arch hyoid arch branchial arch brain |
| twist1.S | twist, twist1-a, twist1-b, X-twi, Xtwi, Xtwist | X. laevis | Throughout NF stage 29 and 30 | migratory neural crest cell pharyngeal arch mandibular arch hyoid arch branchial arch |
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