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Experiment details for actc1

Myogenic waves and myogenic programs during Xenopus embryonic myogenesis.

Myogenic waves and myogenic programs during Xenopus embryonic myogenesis.

Gene Clone Species Stages Anatomy
actc1.L laevis NF stage 12.5 paraxial mesoderm , presumptive paraxial mesoderm

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  Figure 1. Differentiation of the median muscle fibers is initiated at the end of gastrulation. A: Expression of Myogenin, Mrf4, and muscle differentiation marker genes, Actc, Des, MyhE3, and Ckm determined by semi-quantitative polymerase chain reaction and Southern blotting. No variation of the internal standard control of quantification (Odc) was observed. B: Expression of myogenic regulatory factor (MRF) and muscle-marker genes determined by whole-mount in situ hybridization at stage 12.5 and during the first part of neurulation. Brackets indicate the posterolateral paraxial mesoderm. Vertical lines define the limit between anterior and trunk region. Dorsal views; the anterior side of the embryos is on the left; St, stage. Download figure to PowerPoint.

Gene Clone Species Stages Anatomy
actc1.L laevis NF stage 13 paraxial mesoderm

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  Figure 6. Formation and localization of the anterior muscle tissue. A: Double in situ hybridization with single or double color detection allowed us to localize the anterior myogenic cells which coexpressed Myod (blue) and Myf5 (purple) at stage 12.5. These myogenic cells (stained with Myod or Actc, blue) are positioned posterior to the prechordal mesoderm at both sides of the notochord (stained with Chrd, purple) at stage 13. Myogenic cells (stained with Des) are at a slightly more anterior level than the neural crest precursors (stained with Snai2, arrow), the preotic vesicle (arrows), and the pronephros anlagen (brackets), the latter stained with Pax8. The myogenic cells express Mespb (arrowheads), a gene involved in somitogenesis. At stages 14 and 16, these Myod-positive cells (blue) are localized at the level of rhombomeres 3 and 5, (stained with Egr2, purple, arrows). Dorsal views, the anterior side of the embryos is on the left. B: Double whole-mount in situ hybridization with Snai2 and muscle-markers: Myf5, Myod, Mrf4, and Des. Dorsal views. C: Comparison of Des mRNA expression with a muscle epitope staining by the 12/101 antibody in the anterior somites. Embryos were cleared in benzyl benzoate solution at stage 18 to see deeper staining. Anterior views. Brackets indicate the anterior tip of the embryo. D: Whole-mount in situ hybridization of Pax7 or Myod mRNAs (purple) was followed by whole-mount immunohistochemistry with 12/101 antibody (blue) at stage 17 and 18. Embryos were cleared in benzyl benzoate solution. Arrows show the Pax7 or Myod mRNA staining at the level of the fourth somite. Dorsal views. E: 12/101 staining of a transverse section at the head level of stage 23 embryo. F: Comparison of Myogenin mRNA expression (purple) with 12/101 antibody staining (blue) indicates that the second myogenic wave takes place at the trunk level and not at the head level (brackets). G: Comparison of Des and Mrf4 mRNA expression with 12/101 antibody staining in the anterior somites at stage 30 (magnification indicated on the right panel). Double in situ hybridization with single color detection allowed us to position the anterior myogenic cells relative to the otic vesicle and the pronephros, both stained by Pax8 (arrows and brackets, respectively). The otic vesicle is visible without a specific staining (arrows) in embryos incubated with 12/101 antibody. Embryos were cleared in benzyl benzoate solution to see a deeper staining. Lateral views. A–G: numbers refer to the developmental stages. Probes and/or antibodies are indicated for each panel.Download figure to PowerPoint

Gene Clone Species Stages Anatomy
actc1.L laevis NF stage 16 to NF stage 18 paraxial mesoderm

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  Figure 2. A lateral myogenic population differentiates at the trunk level during neurulation. A: Whole-mount in situ hybridization of myogenic regulatory factor (MRF) and muscle-marker genes during the second part of neurulation. Brackets indicate the lateral myogenic population. Dorsal views. Vertical lines define the limit between anterior and trunk region. The anterior side of the embryos is on the left. B: Transverse sections at the trunk level of embryos submitted to in situ hybridization for Myod, Des (stage 16 and 17/18) or Myogenin mRNA detection (stage 17/18). 12/101 antibody detects differentiated muscle cells at stage 16 and 17/18 (blue). C: Localization of Myod mRNA on dorsal view and on transverse section at stage 21/22. Arrows and arrowheads indicate the dorsomedian and ventrolateral Myod expression domains, respectively. Dotted lines define the median differentiated muscle fibers. Nc, notochord. Download figure to PowerPoint.

Gene Clone Species Stages Anatomy
actc1.L laevis NF stage 33 and 34 heart , paraxial mesoderm
actc1.L laevis NF stage 35 and 36 heart , musculature of face , m. levator mandibulae articularis primordium , m. intermandibularis primordium , m. quadrato-hyoangularis primordium , [+]
actc1.L laevis NF stage 40 heart , paraxial mesoderm , musculature of face , m. levator mandibulae articularis primordium , m. intermandibularis primordium , [+]

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  Figure 8. Distinct myogenic programs are expressed during craniofacial myogenesis. A: Schematic representation of head muscle anlagen according to Ziermann and Olsson (2007). B: Expression of Myf5, Myod, Myogenin, and Mrf4 mRNAs in head muscles anlagen. Myf5 is expressed neither in the M. levatores mandibulae, nor in the M. quadrato-hyoangularis and orbitohyoideus anlagen (black arrows). Myod transcripts are not detected in the dorsal part of branchial muscle anlagen and in the intermandibularis anlage (brackets). Green arrows design extraocular muscle anlagen. C: Expression of Des, Actc, and Ckm, as well as MyhE3 and MyhE19 coding, respectively, for embryonic fast and slow myosin heavy chain (Radice and Malacinski, 1989). St, stage. For each probe, ventral view in the left panel, lateral view in the right panel with the anterior side of the embryos on the left. h, heart. Download figure to PowerPoint.