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| Gene |
Clone |
Species |
Stages |
Anatomy |
|
dse.L
|
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laevis
|
NF stage 3 (4-cell)
|
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dse.L
|
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laevis
|
NF stage 13
|
ectoderm
,
epidermis
,
notochord
|
|
dse.L
|
|
laevis
|
NF stage 15
|
epidermis
,
notochord
,
endoderm
,
neural plate border
|
|
dse.L
|
|
laevis
|
NF stage 18
|
epidermis
,
notochord
,
somite
,
endoderm
|
|
dse.L
|
|
laevis
|
NF stage 20
|
epidermis
,
notochord
,
somite
|
|
| |
Fig 2. Dse mRNA is maternally deposited and expressed in the epidermis, neural ectoderm, notochord, somites and dorsal endoderm.
Xenopus embryos after whole-mount in situ hybridization in lateral view (A,D,F), dorsal view (C,E) and transversally sectioned through the anterior trunk (G-J). (A) Embryo at the 4-cell stage. Weak expression of Dse mRNA is visible. (B) qPCR analysis of embryonic explants at stage 9. Note Dse transcripts in the animal cap, marginal zone and vegetal region. (C) At stage 13, Dse is expressed in the epidermis and notochord. (D-F) Neurula embryos show ubiquitous Dse expression in the epidermis. The bold lines indicate the levels of sections in G and H. (G) Embryo at stage 15. The arrowhead indicates the border between epidermis and neural ectoderm. Note Dse transcripts in the sensorial layer of the lateral neural plate (arrow), notochord and dorsal endoderm. The bracket in the inset depicts the epidermis with robust Dse expression in the outer layer and lower mRNA levels in the inner layer. (H) Embryo at stage 18. Note Dse signals in the medio-ventral somites. The inset shows Dse expression in the sensorial layer of the ventral neural groove (arrow). The stippled line demarcates the border between the neural plate and the underlying dorsal mesoderm. (I,J) No signals appear in matching sections of sibling embryos that were probed with Dse sense RNA as control. an, animal cap; en, endoderm; epi, epidermis; ma, marginal zone; no, notochord; np, neural plate; so, somite; ve, vegetal region. Scale bars are 500 μm (A,C-F) and 50 μm (G-J). |
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dse (dermatan sulfate epimerase) gene expression in Xenopus laevis embryo, assayed via in situ hybridization, NF stage 13, dorsal view, anterior up. |
|
| Gene |
Clone |
Species |
Stages |
Anatomy |
|
dse.L
|
|
laevis
|
NF stage 16
to
NF stage 18
|
epidermis
,
notochord
,
prechordal plate
,
neural plate border
,
anterior neural ridge
|
|
dse.L
|
|
laevis
|
NF stage 24
to
NF stage 26
|
olfactory placode
,
epidermis
,
notochord
|
|
dse.L
|
|
laevis
|
NF stage 27
to
NF stage 28
|
olfactory placode
,
epidermis
,
stomodeal-hypophyseal primordium
,
hatching gland
,
prechordal plate
,
[+]
|
Display additional annotations [+]
|
| |
Fig 3. Dse is expressed in the pre-migratory neural crest, anterior surface ectoderm, brain, and prechordal mesendoderm.
Embryos are shown in anterior view (A-D, G-L) and midsagittally sectioned through the head (E,F). (A-D) Early neurulae. Note Dse expression in the anterior neural ridge and prechordal mesendoderm. Dse transcripts overlap with Twist1 and Snai2 expression in the cranial neural crest (indented arrowheads). The bold line indicates the level of section in E. (E) Embryo at stage 18. Dse is expressed in the superficial layer of the anterior neural ridge and the inner layer of the fore- and midbrain anlage (arrows). The stippled line demarcates the border between the anterior neural plate and the underlying prechordal mesendoderm. (F) Absence of signals in the matching section of a sibling embryo that was probed with Dse sense RNA as control. (G) Late neurula at stage 24. Dse is expressed in the anterior neural ridge and derived sense plate. (H) Tailbud embryo at stage 26. Dse is transcribed in the sense plate. (I) Xag expression demarcates the cement gland and hatching gland. (J-L) Tailbud embryos at stages 27 and 28. Note segregation of anterior Dse expression into the stomodeum-adenohypophysis anlage and posterior domain that partially overlaps with the Pax3+ hatching gland. anr, anterior neural ridge; cg, cement gland; epi, epidermis; ey, eye; fb, forebrain; hg, hatching gland; mb, midbrain; no, notochord; pm, prechordal mesendoderm; se, sense plate; st, stomodeum-adenohypophysis anlage. Scale bars are 500 μm (A-D,G-L) and 50 μm (E,F). |
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dse (dermatan sulfate epimerase) gene expression in Xenopus laevis embryo, assayed via in situ hybridization, NF stage16, anterior view, dorsal up. |
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dse (dermatan sulfate epimerase) gene expression in Xenopus laevis embryo, assayed via in situ hybridization, NF stage 18, dorsal view, anterior up. |
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dse (dermatan sulfate epimerase) gene_symbol (gene_name) gene expression in Xenopus laevis embryo, assayed via in situ hybridization, NF stage 18, midsagittally sectioned through the head, dorsal up. |
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dse (dermatan sulfate epimerase) gene_symbol (gene_name) gene expression in Xenopus laevis embryo, assayed via in situ hybridization, NF stage 20, ateral view, anterior left, dorsal up. |
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dse (dermatan sulfate epimerase) gene_symbol (gene_name) gene expression in Xenopus laevis embryo, assayed via in situ hybridization, NF stage 40, F lateral view, anterior right, dorsal up, G dorsal view and H, transverse section as indicated in F , through hindbrain and pharyngeal region. |
|
| Gene |
Clone |
Species |
Stages |
Anatomy |
|
dse.L
|
|
laevis
|
NF stage 25
|
epidermis
,
notochord
,
hypochord
|
|
dse.L
|
|
laevis
|
NF stage 27
|
forebrain
,
mandibular crest
,
hyoid crest
,
notochord
,
hypochord
,
[+]
|
|
dse.L
|
|
laevis
|
NF stage 31
|
mandibular crest
,
hyoid crest
,
branchial crest
,
notochord
,
trunk neural crest
,
[+]
|
Display additional annotations [+]
|
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Fig 4. Dse is expressed in the eye, migratory neural crest and the hypochord.
Embryos are shown in lateral view (A,D-E,H-J’), and transversally sectioned through the trunk (B-C) and head (F,G). (A) Embryo at stage 25. The bold line indicates the level of the section in B. (B,B’) Dse is expressed in the epidermis, notochord and hypochord. The arrowhead shows Dse transcripts in trunk neural crest cells adjacent to the spinal cord. (C) Matching section of a sibling embryo showing Twist1 expression in trunk neural crest cells (arrowhead). (D-I) Tailbud embryos. The bold lines indicate the level of sections in F and G. Dse is expressed in the forebrain, proximal eye and Twist1+ cranial neural crest (indented arrowheads). The numbers indicate the mandibular (1), hyoid (2) and branchial neural crest (3,4). (J,J’) Embryo at stage 31 after removal of the epidermis. Dse is expressed in the spinal nerves (arrow) and migrating trunk neural crest cells (arrowhead). cg, cement gland; epi, epidermis; ey, eye; fb, forebrain; hc, hypochord; no, notochord; sp, spinal cord; so, somite. Scale bars are 500 μm (A,D-J) and 100 μm (B-C,J’). |
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dse (dermatan sulfate epimerase) gene_symbol (gene_name) gene expression in Xenopus laevis embryo, assayed via in situ hybridization, NF stage 27, head and anterior trunk region, lateral view, anterior left, dorsal up. |
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dse (dermatan sulfate epimerase) gene expression in Xenopus laevis embryo, assayed via in situ hybridization, NF stage 28, anterior view, dorsal up. |
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dse (dermatan sulfate epimerase) gene_symbol (gene_name) gene expression in Xenopus laevis embryo, assayed via in situ hybridization, NF stage 31, head and anteror trunk region, ateral view, anterior left, dorsal up. |
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Display additional annotations [+]
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Fig 9. Comparison of Dse and Dsel expression in the head.
Embryos at stage 32 are shown in lateral views (A,E) and transversal sections (B-D’, F-H’). (A) Dse expression. The bold lines indicate the level of sections in B-D. (B-D’) Dse expression is found in the cranial neural crest (indented arrowheads). Note ventral expression domains in the forebrain, posterior midbrain, hindbrain, and notochord. Weak expression is visible in the trigeminal ganglia. (E) Dsel expression. The bold lines indicate the level of sections in F-H. (F-H’) Dsel expression appears in the cranial neural crest (indented arrowheads) and trigeminal ganglia. Note expression domain in the prechordal mesendoderm. Apparent are low-level transcripts in the entire ventral brain and robust bilateral expression domains in the ventral marginal zone of the mid- and hindbrain (arrows). fb, forebrain; hb, hindbrain; he, heart; mb, midbrain; no, notochord; pm, prechordal mesendoderm; V, trigeminal ganglion. Scale bars are 1 mm (A-H) and 200 μm (B’-H’). |
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Display additional annotations [+]
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Fig 10. Comparison of Dse and Dsel expression in the trunk.
Embryos at stage 32 are shown in lateral views (B,C) and transversal sections (D-G’) after whole-mount in situ hybridization. (A) qPCR analysis of embryonic explants at stage 32. The numbers on the y-axis indicate fold expression of (Dse / eEF1A1) x 1000 (top) and (Dsel / eEF1A1) x 1000 (bottom). Note equal distribution of Dse transcripts in the head, dorsal trunk and ventral trunk. Dsel mRNA is most abundant in the head and is expressed at comparable levels in the dorsal and ventral trunk. (B) Dse expression. The bold lines indicate the level of sections in D and E. (D-E’) Dse expression is detected in the notochord, dermatome, sclerotome and hypochord (inset). (C) Dsel expression. The bold lines indicate the level of sections in F and G. (F-G’) Dsel expression appears in the ventral spinal cord, migrating trunk neural crest cells (arrowhead), myotome, sclerotome, hypochord (inset) and posterior dorsal hindgut endoderm. dm, dermatome; en, endoderm; hc, hypochord; my, myotome; no, notochord; sc, sclerotome; sp, spinal cord. Scale bars are 1 mm (B,C) and 200 μm (D-G’). |
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Fig 5. Dse is expressed in the adenohypophysis, melanophores, dermomyotome and sclerotome.
Embryos are shown in lateral view (A,A’,F), dorsal view (G), transversal sections (B-D’,H,I) and horizontal section (E). (A,A’) Embryo at stage 33. The bold lines indicate the level of sections in B-E. (B-E) Vibratome sections showing Dse expression in the adenohypophysis, forebrain, ventral midbrain, epidermis, notochord, hypochord, dermomyotome, and sclerotome. Note also Dse transcripts in cranial neural crest cells (indented arrowheads) and melanophores (filled arrowhead). (F-I) Embryo at stage 40. The bold lines indicate the level of sections in H and I. Dse is expressed in post-migratory cranial neural crest cells (indented arrowheads) and the notochord. ad, adenohypophysis; dm, dermomyotome; epi, epidermis; ey, eye; fb, forebrain; hc, hypochord; he, heart; mb, midbrain; no, notochord; sc, sclerotome; so, somite; sp, spinal cord. Scale bars are 1 mm (A,A’,F-H) and 100 μm (B-E,I). |
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dse (dermatan sulfate epimerase) gene_symbol (gene_name) gene expression in Xenopus laevis embryo, assayed via in situ hybridization, NF stage 33 & 34, head and anterior trunk region, lateral view, anterior left, dorsal up.
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