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| Gene |
Clone |
Species |
Stages |
Anatomy |
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dsel.L
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laevis
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NF stage 3 (4-cell)
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animal hemisphere
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dsel.L
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laevis
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NF stage 9
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animal cap
,
animal cap inner layer
,
animal cap outer layer
,
blastocoel roof
,
dorsal
,
[+]
|
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dsel.L
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laevis
|
NF stage 27
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midbrain
,
hindbrain
,
optic vesicle
,
trigeminal ganglion
,
interneuron
|
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dsel.L
|
|
laevis
|
NF stage 29 and 30
|
brain
,
spinal cord
,
eye
,
cranial neural crest
,
trigeminal nerve
|
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Fig 6. Dsel is expressed maternally and in the eye, brain and cranial neural crest.
Embryos after whole-mount in situ hybridization are shown in animal view (A), lateral view (B,E,E’,I,I’), hemi-sectioned (C) and transversally sectioned (F-H). (A) 4-cell stage embryo. (B,C) Blastula embryos. The bold line indicates the level of section in C. (D) qPCR analysis at stage 9. Note ubiquitous expression of Dsel in the animal cap, marginal zone and vegetal region. (E-I’) Tailbud embryos. The bold lines indicate the level of sections in F-H. Note Dsel expression in the eye, interneurons of the mid- and hindbrain (arrows), cranial neural crest (indented arrowheads) and bilateral trigeminal ganglia. an, animal cap; ey, eye; hb, hindbrain; ma, marginal zone; mb, midbrain; V, trigeminal ganglion, vg, vegetal region. Scale bars are 500 μm. |
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dsel (dermatan sulfate epimerase like) gene expression in Xenopus laevis embryo, hemi-sectioned , assayed via in situ hybridization, NF stage 9, anterior up.
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dsel (dermatan sulfate epimerase like) gene expression in Xenopus laevis embryo, assayed via in situ hybridization, NF stage 27, lateral view, anterior left, dorsal up. |
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dsel (dermatan sulfate epimerase like) gene expression in Xenopus laevis embryo, assayed via in situ hybridization, NF stage 29 & 30, lateral view, anterior left, dorsal up. |
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Fig 9. Comparison of Dse and Dsel expression in the head.
Embryos at stage 32 are shown in lateral views (A,E) and transversal sections (B-D’, F-H’). (A) Dse expression. The bold lines indicate the level of sections in B-D. (B-D’) Dse expression is found in the cranial neural crest (indented arrowheads). Note ventral expression domains in the forebrain, posterior midbrain, hindbrain, and notochord. Weak expression is visible in the trigeminal ganglia. (E) Dsel expression. The bold lines indicate the level of sections in F-H. (F-H’) Dsel expression appears in the cranial neural crest (indented arrowheads) and trigeminal ganglia. Note expression domain in the prechordal mesendoderm. Apparent are low-level transcripts in the entire ventral brain and robust bilateral expression domains in the ventral marginal zone of the mid- and hindbrain (arrows). fb, forebrain; hb, hindbrain; he, heart; mb, midbrain; no, notochord; pm, prechordal mesendoderm; V, trigeminal ganglion. Scale bars are 1 mm (A-H) and 200 μm (B’-H’). |
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Fig 10. Comparison of Dse and Dsel expression in the trunk.
Embryos at stage 32 are shown in lateral views (B,C) and transversal sections (D-G’) after whole-mount in situ hybridization. (A) qPCR analysis of embryonic explants at stage 32. The numbers on the y-axis indicate fold expression of (Dse / eEF1A1) x 1000 (top) and (Dsel / eEF1A1) x 1000 (bottom). Note equal distribution of Dse transcripts in the head, dorsal trunk and ventral trunk. Dsel mRNA is most abundant in the head and is expressed at comparable levels in the dorsal and ventral trunk. (B) Dse expression. The bold lines indicate the level of sections in D and E. (D-E’) Dse expression is detected in the notochord, dermatome, sclerotome and hypochord (inset). (C) Dsel expression. The bold lines indicate the level of sections in F and G. (F-G’) Dsel expression appears in the ventral spinal cord, migrating trunk neural crest cells (arrowhead), myotome, sclerotome, hypochord (inset) and posterior dorsal hindgut endoderm. dm, dermatome; en, endoderm; hc, hypochord; my, myotome; no, notochord; sc, sclerotome; sp, spinal cord. Scale bars are 1 mm (B,C) and 200 μm (D-G’). |
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Fig 7. Dsel is expressed in differentiated neurons, cranial sensory ganglia and the spinal cord.
Embryos are shown in lateral view (A-B’,K,K’) and transversal vibratome sections (C-J). (A,A’) Embryo at stage 33. The bold lines indicate the level of sections in C-J. Magnification in A’ depicts Dsel mRNA in cranial sensory ganglia: V, trigeminal ganglion; VII, geniculate ganglion; IX, petrosal ganglion; X, nodose ganglion. (B,B’) Sibling embryo depicting N-tubulin expression in the central nervous system (stars) and cranial ganglia. (C-J) Dsel is expressed in the adenohypophysis and distinct neurons (arrows) of the forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain and spinal cord. The indented arrowhead labels signals in migrating cranial neural crest cells. (K,K’) Embryo at stage 34. The indented arrowhead labels robust Dsel transcripts in post-migratory cranial neural crest cells. ad, adenohypophysis; df, dorsal fin; ea, ear; ey, eye; fb, forebrain; hb, hindbrain; ist, isthmus; IX, petrosal ganglion; mb, midbrain; no, notochord; pm, sp, spinal cord; V, trigeminal ganglion; VII, geniculate ganglion; IX, petrosal ganglion; X, nodose ganglion. Scale bars are 1 mm (A,B,K,K’) and 200 μm (A’,B’,C-J). |
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dsel (dermatan sulfate epimerase like) gene expression in Xenopus laevis embryo, assayed via in situ hybridization, NF stage 33 & 34, close-up of neurogenic placode region, lateral view, anterior left, dorsal up. |
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dsel (dermatan sulfate epimerase like) gene expression in Xenopus laevis embryo, assayed via in situ hybridization, NF stage 33 &34, lateral view, anterior left, dorsal up. |
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Display additional annotations [+]
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Fig 8. Dsel is expressed in the brainstem in tadpole embryos.
Specimen after whole-mount in situ hybridization are shown in dorsal view (A,A’), lateral view (B,D) and ventral view (C,E). (A,A’) Embryo at stage 36. Arrows label distinct Dsel expression domains in the midbrain and hindbrain. The arrowhead labels the position of the midbrain-hindbrain boundary. (B-E) Isolated central nervous system from stage 43 embryos after removing of surrounding tissues. Dsel mRNA accumulates in bilateral domains in the brainstem (arrows). Expression of Foxg1 demarcates the forebrain and En2 the midbrain-hindbrain isthmus (arrowhead). hb, hindbrain; mb, midbrain; sp, spinal cord. Scale bars are 1 mm (A-E) and 100 μm (A’). |
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dsel (dermatan sulfate epimerase like) gene expression in Xenopus laevis tadpole brain, assayed via in situ hybridization, NF stage 43, B: lateral view, anterior left, dorsal up; C dorsal view, anterior left.
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