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Figure 1. Differentiation of the median muscle fibers is initiated at the end of gastrulation. A: Expression of Myogenin, Mrf4, and muscle differentiation marker genes, Actc, Des, MyhE3, and Ckm determined by semi-quantitative polymerase chain reaction and Southern blotting. No variation of the internal standard control of quantification (Odc) was observed. B: Expression of myogenic regulatory factor (MRF) and muscle-marker genes determined by whole-mount in situ hybridization at stage 12.5 and during the first part of neurulation. Brackets indicate the posterolateral paraxial mesoderm. Vertical lines define the limit between anterior and trunk region. Dorsal views; the anterior side of the embryos is on the left; St, stage. Download figure to PowerPoint. |
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Figure 2. A lateral myogenic population differentiates at the trunk level during neurulation. A: Whole-mount in situ hybridization of myogenic regulatory factor (MRF) and muscle-marker genes during the second part of neurulation. Brackets indicate the lateral myogenic population. Dorsal views. Vertical lines define the limit between anterior and trunk region. The anterior side of the embryos is on the left. B: Transverse sections at the trunk level of embryos submitted to in situ hybridization for Myod, Des (stage 16 and 17/18) or Myogenin mRNA detection (stage 17/18). 12/101 antibody detects differentiated muscle cells at stage 16 and 17/18 (blue). C: Localization of Myod mRNA on dorsal view and on transverse section at stage 21/22. Arrows and arrowheads indicate the dorsomedian and ventrolateral Myod expression domains, respectively. Dotted lines define the median differentiated muscle fibers. Nc, notochord. Download figure to PowerPoint. |
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Display additional annotations [+]
Gene |
Clone |
Species |
Stages |
Anatomy |
actc1
|
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laevis
|
NF stage 33 and 34
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heart
,
paraxial mesoderm
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actc1
|
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laevis
|
NF stage 35 and 36
|
heart
,
musculature of face
,
m. levator mandibulae articularis primordium
,
m. intermandibularis primordium
,
m. quadrato-hyoangularis primordium
,
[+]
|
actc1
|
|
laevis
|
NF stage 40
|
heart
,
paraxial mesoderm
,
musculature of face
,
m. levator mandibulae articularis primordium
,
m. intermandibularis primordium
,
[+]
|
myog
|
|
laevis
|
NF stage 35 and 36
|
branchial arch
,
musculature of face
,
m. levator mandibulae articularis primordium
,
m. quadrato-hyoangularis primordium
,
m. interhyoideus primordium
|
myog
|
|
laevis
|
NF stage 32
|
musculature of face
,
m. quadrato-hyoangularis primordium
|
myog
|
|
laevis
|
NF stage 40
|
branchial arch
,
musculature of face
,
m. levator mandibulae articularis primordium
,
m. intermandibularis primordium
,
m. quadrato-hyoangularis primordium
,
[+]
|
myf5
|
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laevis
|
NF stage 29 and 30
|
musculature of face
,
m. interhyoideus primordium
|
myf5
|
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laevis
|
NF stage 32
|
branchial arch
,
musculature of face
,
periocular region
,
m. interhyoideus primordium
|
myf5
|
|
laevis
|
NF stage 35 and 36
|
branchial arch
,
musculature of face
,
m. interhyoideus primordium
|
myf5
|
|
laevis
|
NF stage 40
|
branchial arch
,
musculature of face
,
m. intermandibularis primordium
,
m. interhyoideus primordium
|
ckm
|
|
laevis
|
NF stage 33 and 34
|
paraxial mesoderm
|
ckm
|
|
laevis
|
NF stage 35 and 36
|
paraxial mesoderm
,
musculature of face
,
m. levator mandibulae articularis primordium
,
m. intermandibularis primordium
|
ckm
|
|
laevis
|
NF stage 40
|
paraxial mesoderm
,
musculature of face
,
m. levator mandibulae articularis primordium
,
m. intermandibularis primordium
,
m. quadrato-hyoangularis primordium
,
[+]
|
des.1
|
|
laevis
|
NF stage 32
|
presomitic mesoderm
,
heart
|
des.1
|
|
laevis
|
NF stage 33 and 34
|
presomitic mesoderm
,
heart
,
branchial arch
,
m. interhyoideus primordium
|
des.1
|
|
laevis
|
NF stage 35 and 36
|
presomitic mesoderm
,
heart
,
branchial arch
,
musculature of face
,
m. levator mandibulae articularis primordium
,
[+]
|
des.1
|
|
laevis
|
NF stage 40
|
presomitic mesoderm
,
musculature of face
,
m. levator mandibulae articularis primordium
,
m. intermandibularis primordium
,
m. quadrato-hyoangularis primordium
|
myf6
|
|
laevis
|
NF stage 35 and 36
|
somite
,
musculature of face
,
m. quadrato-hyoangularis primordium
,
m. interhyoideus primordium
|
myf6
|
|
laevis
|
NF stage 40
|
branchial arch
,
musculature of face
,
m. levator mandibulae articularis primordium
,
m. intermandibularis primordium
,
m. quadrato-hyoangularis primordium
,
[+]
|
myod1
|
|
laevis
|
NF stage 32
|
musculature of face
,
m. quadrato-hyoangularis primordium
,
m. interhyoideus primordium
|
myod1
|
|
laevis
|
NF stage 35 and 36
|
musculature of face
,
m. quadrato-hyoangularis primordium
,
m. interhyoideus primordium
|
myod1
|
|
laevis
|
NF stage 40
|
musculature of face
,
m. intermandibularis primordium
,
m. quadrato-hyoangularis primordium
,
m. interhyoideus primordium
|
myh2
|
|
laevis
|
NF stage 37 and 38
|
musculature of face
,
periocular region
,
m. levator mandibulae articularis primordium
,
m. intermandibularis primordium
,
m. quadrato-hyoangularis primordium
,
[+]
|
myh2
|
|
laevis
|
NF stage 40
|
branchial arch
,
musculature of face
,
periocular region
,
m. levator mandibulae articularis primordium
,
m. intermandibularis primordium
,
[+]
|
|
|
Figure 8. Distinct myogenic programs are expressed during craniofacial myogenesis. A: Schematic representation of head muscle anlagen according to Ziermann and Olsson (2007). B: Expression of Myf5, Myod, Myogenin, and Mrf4 mRNAs in head muscles anlagen. Myf5 is expressed neither in the M. levatores mandibulae, nor in the M. quadrato-hyoangularis and orbitohyoideus anlagen (black arrows). Myod transcripts are not detected in the dorsal part of branchial muscle anlagen and in the intermandibularis anlage (brackets). Green arrows design extraocular muscle anlagen. C: Expression of Des, Actc, and Ckm, as well as MyhE3 and MyhE19 coding, respectively, for embryonic fast and slow myosin heavy chain (Radice and Malacinski, 1989). St, stage. For each probe, ventral view in the left panel, lateral view in the right panel with the anterior side of the embryos on the left. h, heart. Download figure to PowerPoint. |