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FIGURE 1. Ketamine exposure results in neurocristopathies. Upon ketamine exposure from stage 7 to stage 13.5. (A) Embryos exhibit shortened axis, faded trunk pigment (red arrowhead), and deficient eyes (blue arrowhead) at tailbud stage and severity of phenotypes are in a dose-dependent manner. (B) Sections of eyes in ketamine-treated embryos revealed a more rounding shape pigment, disorganized arrangement of cells (DAPI staining), reduced expression of β-tubulin III compared with the control group. Ketamine exposure also causes embryos to develop a mega-colon like phenotype (C), and cranial cartilage atrophy (D). GCL, ganglionic cell layer; INL, inner nuclear layer; ONL, outer nuclear layer; L, lens; Mk, Meckel’s cartilage; ch, ceratohyal cartilage; bh, basihyal cartilage; ba, branchial cartilage. Numbers in (A,D) indicate ketamine exposure concentration (mM) to embryos. Scale bar: (A–C) 100 μm, (D) 1 mm. |
