Methods Mol Biol 2009 Jan 01;518:31-41. doi: 10.1007/978-1-59745-202-1_3.

Analysis of 14-3-3 family member function in Xenopus embryos by microinjection of antisense morpholino oligos.

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The 14-3-3 intracellular phosphoserine/threonine-binding proteins are adapter molecules that regulate signal transduction, cell cycle, nutrient sensing, apoptotic, and cytoskeletal pathways. There are seven 14-3-3 family members, encoded by separate genes, in vertebrate organisms. To evaluate the role of individual 14-3-3 proteins in vertebrate embryonic development, we utilized an antisense morpholino oligo microinjection technique in Xenopus laevis embryos. By use of this method, we showed that embryos lacking specific 14-3-3 proteins displayed unique phenotypic abnormalities. Specifically, embryos lacking 14-3-3 tau exhibited gastrulation and axial patterning defects, but embryos lacking 14-3-3 gamma exhibited eye defects without other abnormalities, and embryos lacking 14-3-3 zeta appeared completely normal. These and other results demonstrate the power and specificity of the morpholino antisense oligo microinjection technique.

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Species referenced: Xenopus laevis
Genes referenced: mapt ywhag ywhaq ywhaz
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