XB-ART-42731
J Gen Physiol
2010 Oct 01;1364:425-42. doi: 10.1085/jgp.201010476.
Show Gene links
Show Anatomy links
Neuroglial ATP release through innexin channels controls microglial cell movement to a nerve injury.
Samuels SE
,
Lipitz JB
,
Dahl G
,
Muller KJ
.
???displayArticle.abstract???
Microglia, the immune cells of the central nervous system, are attracted to sites of injury. The injury releases adenosine triphosphate (ATP) into the extracellular space, activating the microglia, but the full mechanism of release is not known. In glial cells, a family of physiologically regulated unpaired gap junction channels called innexons (invertebrates) or pannexons (vertebrates) located in the cell membrane is permeable to ATP. Innexons, but not pannexons, also pair to make gap junctions. Glial calcium waves, triggered by injury or mechanical stimulation, open pannexon/innexon channels and cause the release of ATP. It has been hypothesized that a glial calcium wave that triggers the release of ATP causes rapid microglial migration to distant lesions. In the present study in the leech, in which a single giant glial cell ensheathes each connective, hydrolysis of ATP with 10 U/ml apyrase or block of innexons with 10 µM carbenoxolone (CBX), which decreased injury-induced ATP release, reduced both movement of microglia and their accumulation at lesions. Directed movement and accumulation were restored in CBX by adding ATP, consistent with separate actions of ATP and nitric oxide, which is required for directed movement but does not activate glia. Injection of glia with innexin2 (Hminx2) RNAi inhibited release of carboxyfluorescein dye and microglial migration, whereas injection of innexin1 (Hminx1) RNAi did not when measured 2 days after injection, indicating that glial cells' ATP release through innexons was required for microglial migration after nerve injury. Focal stimulation either mechanically or with ATP generated a calcium wave in the glial cell; injury caused a large, persistent intracellular calcium response. Neither the calcium wave nor the persistent response required ATP or its release. Thus, in the leech, innexin membrane channels releasing ATP from glia are required for migration and accumulation of microglia after nerve injury.
???displayArticle.pubmedLink??? 20876360
???displayArticle.pmcLink??? PMC2947054
???displayArticle.link??? J Gen Physiol
???displayArticle.grants??? [+]
R01GM48610 NIGMS NIH HHS , R01NS034927 NINDS NIH HHS , T32 NS007044 NINDS NIH HHS , T32 NS007459 NINDS NIH HHS , R01 GM048610 NIGMS NIH HHS , R01 NS034927 NINDS NIH HHS
???attribute.lit??? ???displayArticles.show???
References [+] :
Abbracchio,
Pathophysiological roles of P2 receptors in glial cells.
2006, Pubmed
Abbracchio, Pathophysiological roles of P2 receptors in glial cells. 2006, Pubmed
Anderson, ATP-induced ATP release from astrocytes. 2004, Pubmed
Babington, Three-dimensional culture of leech and snail ganglia for studies of neural repair. 2005, Pubmed
Baker, RNAi of the receptor tyrosine phosphatase HmLAR2 in a single cell of an intact leech embryo leads to growth-cone collapse. 2000, Pubmed
Bao, Pannexin membrane channels are mechanosensitive conduits for ATP. 2004, Pubmed , Xenbase
Bao, Innexins form two types of channels. 2007, Pubmed , Xenbase
Barbe, Cell-cell communication beyond connexins: the pannexin channels. 2006, Pubmed
Bianco, Pathophysiological roles of extracellular nucleotides in glial cells: differential expression of purinergic receptors in resting and activated microglia. 2005, Pubmed
Bianco, Astrocyte-derived ATP induces vesicle shedding and IL-1 beta release from microglia. 2005, Pubmed
Bowser, Vesicular ATP is the predominant cause of intercellular calcium waves in astrocytes. 2007, Pubmed
Brown, Requirement of protein tyrosine phosphatase SHP2 for NO-stimulated vascular smooth muscle cell motility. 2001, Pubmed
Bruzzone, Pharmacological properties of homomeric and heteromeric pannexin hemichannels expressed in Xenopus oocytes. 2005, Pubmed , Xenbase
Bulotta, Basal nitric oxide release attenuates cell migration of HeLa and endothelial cells. 2009, Pubmed
COGGESHALL, THE FINE STRUCTURE OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM OF THE LEECH, HIRUDO MEDICINALIS. 1964, Pubmed
Chen, ATP release guides neutrophil chemotaxis via P2Y2 and A3 receptors. 2006, Pubmed
Chen, Nitric oxide influences injury-induced microglial migration and accumulation in the leech CNS. 2000, Pubmed
Chen, Spinal microglial motility is independent of neuronal activity and plasticity in adult mice. 2010, Pubmed
Choi, ATP induced microglial cell migration through non-transcriptional activation of matrix metalloproteinase-9. 2010, Pubmed
Cotrina, ATP-mediated glia signaling. 2000, Pubmed
Cotrina, Cytoskeletal assembly and ATP release regulate astrocytic calcium signaling. 1998, Pubmed
Cotrina, Connexins regulate calcium signaling by controlling ATP release. 1998, Pubmed
Coutinho-Silva, The P2X(7) receptor and intracellular pathogens: a continuing struggle. 2009, Pubmed
Dahl, Pannexin: to gap or not to gap, is that a question? 2006, Pubmed
Davalos, ATP mediates rapid microglial response to local brain injury in vivo. 2005, Pubmed
Deitmer, Leech giant glial cell: functional role in a simple nervous system. 1999, Pubmed
Duan, Repair and regeneration of functional synaptic connections: cellular and molecular interactions in the leech. 2005, Pubmed
Duan, Methylene blue blocks cGMP production and disrupts directed migration of microglia to nerve lesions in the leech CNS. 2003, Pubmed
Duan, ATP and NO dually control migration of microglia to nerve lesions. 2009, Pubmed
Dykes, Molecular characterization and embryonic expression of innexins in the leech Hirudo medicinalis. 2006, Pubmed
Elliot, Long-term survival of glial segments during nerve regeneration in the leech. 1981, Pubmed
Ferrari, Extracellular ATP activates transcription factor NF-kappaB through the P2Z purinoreceptor by selectively targeting NF-kappaB p65. 1997, Pubmed
Fiacco, Intracellular astrocyte calcium waves in situ increase the frequency of spontaneous AMPA receptor currents in CA1 pyramidal neurons. 2004, Pubmed
Fleming, Signal transduction of eNOS activation. 1999, Pubmed
Floyd, Traumatic injury of cultured astrocytes alters inositol (1,4,5)-trisphosphate-mediated signaling. 2001, Pubmed
Franchi, The inflammasome: a caspase-1-activation platform that regulates immune responses and disease pathogenesis. 2009, Pubmed
GRAY, AN ELECTRON MICROSCOPICAL STUDY OF THE VENTRAL NERVE CORD OF THE LEECH. 1963, Pubmed
Gehrmann, Microglia: intrinsic immuneffector cell of the brain. 1995, Pubmed
Griffin, Biology and pathology of nonmyelinating Schwann cells. 2008, Pubmed
Guthrie, ATP released from astrocytes mediates glial calcium waves. 1999, Pubmed
Hassinger, An extracellular signaling component in propagation of astrocytic calcium waves. 1996, Pubmed
Haynes, The P2Y12 receptor regulates microglial activation by extracellular nucleotides. 2006, Pubmed
Honda, Extracellular ATP or ADP induce chemotaxis of cultured microglia through Gi/o-coupled P2Y receptors. 2001, Pubmed
Huang, Pannexin1 is expressed by neurons and glia but does not form functional gap junctions. 2007, Pubmed
Hubel, Tungsten Microelectrode for Recording from Single Units. 1957, Pubmed
Iglesias, P2X7 receptor-Pannexin1 complex: pharmacology and signaling. 2008, Pubmed , Xenbase
Iglesias, Pannexin 1: the molecular substrate of astrocyte "hemichannels". 2009, Pubmed
Inoue, Microglial activation by purines and pyrimidines. 2002, Pubmed
James, P2Y and P2X purinoceptor mediated Ca2+ signalling in glial cell pathology in the central nervous system. 2002, Pubmed
KUFFLER, GLIA IN THE LEECH CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM: PHYSIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES AND NEURON-GLIA RELATIONSHIP. 1964, Pubmed
Kai-Kai, The structure, distribution, and quantitative relationships of the glia in the abdominal ganglia of the horse leech, Haemopis sanguisuga. 1981, Pubmed
Kanneganti, Pannexin-1-mediated recognition of bacterial molecules activates the cryopyrin inflammasome independent of Toll-like receptor signaling. 2007, Pubmed
Kennerdell, Use of dsRNA-mediated genetic interference to demonstrate that frizzled and frizzled 2 act in the wingless pathway. 1998, Pubmed
Kim, Glutamate-induced calcium signaling in astrocytes. 1994, Pubmed
Kuffler, The physiology of neuroglial cells. 1966, Pubmed
Kumar, Nerve injury induces a rapid efflux of nitric oxide (NO) detected with a novel NO microsensor. 2001, Pubmed
Lamkanfi, Caspase-1 inflammasomes in infection and inflammation. 2007, Pubmed
Li, A calcium-induced calcium influx factor, nitric oxide, modulates the refilling of calcium stores in astrocytes. 2003, Pubmed
Locovei, Pannexin1 is part of the pore forming unit of the P2X(7) receptor death complex. 2007, Pubmed , Xenbase
Locovei, Activation of pannexin 1 channels by ATP through P2Y receptors and by cytoplasmic calcium. 2006, Pubmed , Xenbase
Locovei, Pannexin 1 in erythrocytes: function without a gap. 2006, Pubmed , Xenbase
Lohr, Calcium signaling in invertebrate glial cells. 2006, Pubmed
Lohr, Dendritic calcium transients in the leech giant glial cell in situ. 1999, Pubmed
MacVicar, Non-junction functions of pannexin-1 channels. 2010, Pubmed
Masuda-Nakagawa, Accumulation of laminin and microglial cells at sites of injury and regeneration in the central nervous system of the leech. 1990, Pubmed
McGlade-McCulloh, Individual microglia move rapidly and directly to nerve lesions in the leech central nervous system. 1989, Pubmed
Metea, Calcium signaling in specialized glial cells. 2006, Pubmed
Mills, Confocal imaging of changes in glial calcium dynamics and homeostasis after mechanical injury in rat spinal cord white matter. 2004, Pubmed
Morgese, Microglial movement to sites of nerve lesion in the leech CNS. 1983, Pubmed
Müller, Effects of ATP and derivatives on neuropile glial cells of the leech central nervous system. 2000, Pubmed
Newman, Propagation of intercellular calcium waves in retinal astrocytes and Müller cells. 2001, Pubmed
Ngu, Reduced axon sprouting after treatment that diminishes microglia accumulation at lesions in the leech CNS. 2007, Pubmed
Nicholls, Distribution of 14C-labeled sucrose, inulin, and dextran in extracellular spaces and in cells of the leech central nervous system. 1967, Pubmed
Nimmerjahn, Resting microglial cells are highly dynamic surveillants of brain parenchyma in vivo. 2005, Pubmed
Oland, Glial investment of the adult and developing antennal lobe of Drosophila. 2008, Pubmed
Ostrow, Mechanosensation and endothelin in astrocytes--hypothetical roles in CNS pathophysiology. 2005, Pubmed
Parri, The role of Ca2+ in the generation of spontaneous astrocytic Ca2+ oscillations. 2003, Pubmed
Pelegrin, Pannexin-1 mediates large pore formation and interleukin-1beta release by the ATP-gated P2X7 receptor. 2006, Pubmed
Pelegrin, P2X7 receptor differentially couples to distinct release pathways for IL-1beta in mouse macrophage. 2008, Pubmed
Ransford, Pannexin 1 contributes to ATP release in airway epithelia. 2009, Pubmed , Xenbase
Ready, Identified neurones isolated from leech CNS make selective connections in culture. 1979, Pubmed
Rose, Activity-induced Ca2+ transients in nerve and glial cells in the leech CNS. 1995, Pubmed
Salter, ATP causes release of intracellular Ca2+ via the phospholipase C beta/IP3 pathway in astrocytes from the dorsal spinal cord. 1995, Pubmed
Scemes, Astrocyte calcium waves: what they are and what they do. 2006, Pubmed
Scemes, Connexin and pannexin mediated cell-cell communication. 2007, Pubmed
Schipke, Astrocyte Ca2+ waves trigger responses in microglial cells in brain slices. 2002, Pubmed
Shafer, Injury-induced expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase by glial and microglial cells in the leech central nervous system within minutes after injury. 1998, Pubmed
Shao, Receptor-mediated calcium signals in astroglia: multiple receptors, common stores and all-or-nothing responses. 1995, Pubmed
Silverman, The pannexin 1 channel activates the inflammasome in neurons and astrocytes. 2009, Pubmed , Xenbase
Son, Schwann cells induce and guide sprouting and reinnervation of neuromuscular junctions. 1996, Pubmed
Stent, Cell lineage in the development of invertebrate nervous systems. 1985, Pubmed
Stout, Intercellular calcium signaling in astrocytes via ATP release through connexin hemichannels. 2002, Pubmed
Suadicani, Point mutation in the mouse P2X7 receptor affects intercellular calcium waves in astrocytes. 2009, Pubmed
Suadicani, P2X7 receptors mediate ATP release and amplification of astrocytic intercellular Ca2+ signaling. 2006, Pubmed
Suadicani, Gap junction channels coordinate the propagation of intercellular Ca2+ signals generated by P2Y receptor activation. 2004, Pubmed
Teves, Molecular mechanism for human sperm chemotaxis mediated by progesterone. 2009, Pubmed
Tornieri, Nitric oxide release from a single cell affects filopodial motility on growth cones of neighboring neurons. 2007, Pubmed
Veltman, The role of cGMP and the rear of the cell in Dictyostelium chemotaxis and cell streaming. 2008, Pubmed
Verderio, ATP mediates calcium signaling between astrocytes and microglial cells: modulation by IFN-gamma. 2001, Pubmed
Verkhratsky, Glial calcium signaling in physiology and pathophysiology. 2006, Pubmed
Wang, P2X7 receptor inhibition improves recovery after spinal cord injury. 2004, Pubmed
Weisblat, Asymmetric cell divisions in the early embryo of the leech Helobdella robusta. 2007, Pubmed
Yahyavi-Firouz-Abadi, Effect of mu and kappa opioids on injury-induced microglial accumulation in leech CNS: involvement of the nitric oxide pathway. 2007, Pubmed
Yip, Autocrine regulation of T-cell activation by ATP release and P2X7 receptors. 2009, Pubmed
von Bernhardi, Repair of the central nervous system: lessons from lesions in leeches. 1995, Pubmed