XB-ART-45533
Dev Biol
May 1, 2012;
365
(1):
196-207.
Early neural crest induction requires an initial inhibition of Wnt signals.
Steventon B
,
Mayor R
.
Abstract
Neural crest (NC) induction is a long process that continues through gastrula and neurula stages. In order to reveal additional stages of NC induction we performed a series of explants where different known inducing tissues were taken along with the prospective NC. Interestingly the dorso-lateral marginal zone (DLMZ) is only able to promote the expression of a subset of neural plate border (NPB) makers without the presence of specific NC markers. We then analysed the temporal requirement for BMP and Wnt signals for the NPB genes Hairy2a and Dlx5, compared to the expression of neural plate (NP) and NC genes. Although the NP is sensitive to BMP levels at early gastrula stages, Hairy2a/Dlx5 expression is unaffected. Later, the NP becomes insensitive to BMP levels at late gastrulation when NC markers require an inhibition. The NP requires an inhibition of Wnt signals prior to gastrulation, but becomes insensitive during early gastrula stages when Hairy2a/Dlx5 requires an inhibition of Wnt signalling. An increase in Wnt signalling is then important for the switch from NPB to NC at late gastrula stages. In addition to revealing an additional distinct signalling event in NC induction, this work emphasizes the importance of integrating both timing and levels of signalling activity during the patterning of complex tissues such as the vertebrate ectoderm.
PubMed ID: 22394485
PMC ID: PMC3657187
Article link: Dev Biol
Grant support: [+]
Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council , Medical Research Council , Wellcome Trust , G0801145 Medical Research Council , MR/J000655/1 Medical Research Council , MRC_G0801145 Medical Research Council , MRC_MR/J000655/1 Medical Research Council
Species referenced: Xenopus
Genes referenced: bmp4 dkk1 dlx5 hes4 msx1 nog npb pax3 snai1 snai2 sox2 sox3 zic3
Phenotypes: Xla Wt + Hsa.BMP4 (fig.4.d) [+]
Xla Wt + Hsa.BMP4
(fig.4.e)
Xla Wt + Hsa.DKK1 (fig.5.t)
Xla Wt + Hsa.DKK1 (fig.5.v)
Xla Wt + Hsa.DKK1 (fig.6.h)
Xla Wt + Hsa.NOG (fig.4.c)
Xla Wt + Hsa.NOG (fig.4.f)
Xla Wt + Hsa.NOG (fig.4.g)
Xla Wt + Mmu.lef1-Mmu.ctnnb1-GR + DEX (fig.5.d, e)
Xla Wt + Mmu.lef1-Mmu.ctnnb1-GR + DEX (fig.5.f)
Xla Wt + Mmu.lef1-Mmu.ctnnb1-GR + DEX (fig.5.f, g)
Xla Wt + Mmu.lef1-Mmu.ctnnb1-GR + DEX (fig.5.g)
Xla Wt + Mmu.lef1-Mmu.ctnnb1-GR + DEX (fig.5.h, i)
Xla Wt + Hsa.DKK1 (fig.5.t)
Xla Wt + Hsa.DKK1 (fig.5.v)
Xla Wt + Hsa.DKK1 (fig.6.h)
Xla Wt + Hsa.NOG (fig.4.c)
Xla Wt + Hsa.NOG (fig.4.f)
Xla Wt + Hsa.NOG (fig.4.g)
Xla Wt + Mmu.lef1-Mmu.ctnnb1-GR + DEX (fig.5.d, e)
Xla Wt + Mmu.lef1-Mmu.ctnnb1-GR + DEX (fig.5.f)
Xla Wt + Mmu.lef1-Mmu.ctnnb1-GR + DEX (fig.5.f, g)
Xla Wt + Mmu.lef1-Mmu.ctnnb1-GR + DEX (fig.5.g)
Xla Wt + Mmu.lef1-Mmu.ctnnb1-GR + DEX (fig.5.h, i)
Article Images: [+] show captions
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Holzschuh, Noradrenergic neurons in the zebrafish hindbrain are induced by retinoic acid and require tfap2a for expression of the neurotransmitter phenotype. 2003, Pubmed
Hong, Fgf8a induces neural crest indirectly through the activation of Wnt8 in the paraxial mesoderm. 2008, Pubmed , Xenbase
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Kee, To proliferate or to die: role of Id3 in cell cycle progression and survival of neural crest progenitors. 2005, Pubmed , Xenbase
Kishi, Requirement of Sox2-mediated signaling for differentiation of early Xenopus neuroectoderm. 2000, Pubmed , Xenbase
Knight, lockjaw encodes a zebrafish tfap2a required for early neural crest development. 2003, Pubmed
LaBonne, Neural crest induction in Xenopus: evidence for a two-signal model. 1998, Pubmed , Xenbase
Lee, Early requirement of the transcriptional activator Sox9 for neural crest specification in Xenopus. 2004, Pubmed , Xenbase
Lekven, Zebrafish wnt8 encodes two wnt8 proteins on a bicistronic transcript and is required for mesoderm and neurectoderm patterning. 2001, Pubmed
Lewis, Reiterated Wnt signaling during zebrafish neural crest development. 2004, Pubmed
Leyns, Frzb-1 is a secreted antagonist of Wnt signaling expressed in the Spemann organizer. 1997, Pubmed , Xenbase
Li, The posteriorizing gene Gbx2 is a direct target of Wnt signalling and the earliest factor in neural crest induction. 2009, Pubmed , Xenbase
Light, Xenopus Id3 is required downstream of Myc for the formation of multipotent neural crest progenitor cells. 2005, Pubmed , Xenbase
Linker, Relationship between gene expression domains of Xsnail, Xslug, and Xtwist and cell movement in the prospective neural crest of Xenopus. 2000, Pubmed , Xenbase
Luo, Distinct roles for Distal-less genes Dlx3 and Dlx5 in regulating ectodermal development in Xenopus. 2001, Pubmed , Xenbase
Luo, Induction of neural crest in Xenopus by transcription factor AP2alpha. 2003, Pubmed , Xenbase
Maeda, Xmsx-1 modifies mesodermal tissue pattern along dorsoventral axis in Xenopus laevis embryo. 1997, Pubmed , Xenbase
Mancilla, Neural crest formation in Xenopus laevis: mechanisms of Xslug induction. 1996, Pubmed , Xenbase
Marchant, The inductive properties of mesoderm suggest that the neural crest cells are specified by a BMP gradient. 1998, Pubmed , Xenbase
Mayor, Induction of the prospective neural crest of Xenopus. 1995, Pubmed , Xenbase
Mayor, Role of FGF and noggin in neural crest induction. 1997, Pubmed , Xenbase
Meulemans, Amphioxus and lamprey AP-2 genes: implications for neural crest evolution and migration patterns. 2002, Pubmed
Monsoro-Burq, Neural crest induction by paraxial mesoderm in Xenopus embryos requires FGF signals. 2003, Pubmed , Xenbase
Monsoro-Burq, Msx1 and Pax3 cooperate to mediate FGF8 and WNT signals during Xenopus neural crest induction. 2005, Pubmed , Xenbase
Moury, Neural fold formation at newly created boundaries between neural plate and epidermis in the axolotl. 1989, Pubmed
Nagatomo, Xenopus hairy2 functions in neural crest formation by maintaining cells in a mitotic and undifferentiated state. 2007, Pubmed , Xenbase
Nakata, A novel member of the Xenopus Zic family, Zic5, mediates neural crest development. 2001, Pubmed , Xenbase
Nakata, Xenopus Zic3, a primary regulator both in neural and neural crest development. 1997, Pubmed , Xenbase
Nakata, Xenopus Zic family and its role in neural and neural crest development. 1999, Pubmed , Xenbase
Neave, A graded response to BMP-4 spatially coordinates patterning of the mesoderm and ectoderm in the zebrafish. 1997, Pubmed
Nguyen, Ventral and lateral regions of the zebrafish gastrula, including the neural crest progenitors, are established by a bmp2b/swirl pathway of genes. 1998, Pubmed , Xenbase
Nichane, Hairy2 functions through both DNA-binding and non DNA-binding mechanisms at the neural plate border in Xenopus. 2009, Pubmed , Xenbase
Nichane, Hairy2-Id3 interactions play an essential role in Xenopus neural crest progenitor specification. 2009, Pubmed , Xenbase
Nichane, Self-regulation of Stat3 activity coordinates cell-cycle progression and neural crest specification. 2010, Pubmed , Xenbase
Olivera-Martinez, Wnt signals provide a timing mechanism for the FGF-retinoid differentiation switch during vertebrate body axis extension. 2007, Pubmed
Papalopulu, Xenopus Distal-less related homeobox genes are expressed in the developing forebrain and are induced by planar signals. 1993, Pubmed , Xenbase
Patthey, Early development of the central and peripheral nervous systems is coordinated by Wnt and BMP signals. 2008, Pubmed
Pera, Integration of IGF, FGF, and anti-BMP signals via Smad1 phosphorylation in neural induction. 2003, Pubmed , Xenbase
Piccolo, The head inducer Cerberus is a multifunctional antagonist of Nodal, BMP and Wnt signals. 1999, Pubmed , Xenbase
Pohl, Overexpression of the transcriptional repressor FoxD3 prevents neural crest formation in Xenopus embryos. 2001, Pubmed , Xenbase
Saint-Jeannet, Regulation of dorsal fate in the neuraxis by Wnt-1 and Wnt-3a. 1998, Pubmed , Xenbase
Sasai, Requirement of FoxD3-class signaling for neural crest determination in Xenopus. 2001, Pubmed , Xenbase
Sato, Neural crest determination by co-activation of Pax3 and Zic1 genes in Xenopus ectoderm. 2005, Pubmed , Xenbase
Selleck, Origins of the avian neural crest: the role of neural plate-epidermal interactions. 1995, Pubmed
Shibata, Xenopus crescent encoding a Frizzled-like domain is expressed in the Spemann organizer and pronephros. 2000, Pubmed , Xenbase
Shiotsugu, Multiple points of interaction between retinoic acid and FGF signaling during embryonic axis formation. 2004, Pubmed , Xenbase
Steventon, Differential requirements of BMP and Wnt signalling during gastrulation and neurulation define two steps in neural crest induction. 2009, Pubmed , Xenbase
Streit, Establishment and maintenance of the border of the neural plate in the chick: involvement of FGF and BMP activity. 1999, Pubmed
Stuhlmiller, FGF/MAPK signaling is required in the gastrula epiblast for avian neural crest induction. 2011, Pubmed
Suzuki, Xenopus msx1 mediates epidermal induction and neural inhibition by BMP4. 1997, Pubmed , Xenbase
Tribulo, Regulation of Msx genes by a Bmp gradient is essential for neural crest specification. 2003, Pubmed , Xenbase
Villanueva, Posteriorization by FGF, Wnt, and retinoic acid is required for neural crest induction. 2002, Pubmed , Xenbase
Vonica, Zygotic Wnt activity is required for Brachyury expression in the early Xenopus laevis embryo. 2002, Pubmed , Xenbase
Wang, Frzb, a secreted protein expressed in the Spemann organizer, binds and inhibits Wnt-8. 1997, Pubmed , Xenbase
Wawersik, Conditional BMP inhibition in Xenopus reveals stage-specific roles for BMPs in neural and neural crest induction. 2004, Pubmed , Xenbase
Wettstein, The Xenopus homolog of Drosophila Suppressor of Hairless mediates Notch signaling during primary neurogenesis. 1997, Pubmed , Xenbase
Wilson, The status of Wnt signalling regulates neural and epidermal fates in the chick embryo. 2001, Pubmed , Xenbase
Wilson, Concentration-dependent patterning of the Xenopus ectoderm by BMP4 and its signal transducer Smad1. 1997, Pubmed , Xenbase
Woda, Dlx proteins position the neural plate border and determine adjacent cell fates. 2002, Pubmed , Xenbase
Yao, Goosecoid promotes head organizer activity by direct repression of Xwnt8 in Spemann's organizer. 2001, Pubmed , Xenbase
de Crozé, Reiterative AP2a activity controls sequential steps in the neural crest gene regulatory network. 2011, Pubmed , Xenbase
von Bubnoff, Intracellular BMP signaling regulation in vertebrates: pathway or network? 2002, Pubmed , Xenbase
Bang, Expression of Pax-3 is initiated in the early neural plate by posteriorizing signals produced by the organizer and by posterior non-axial mesoderm. 1997, Pubmed , Xenbase
Bang, Expression of Pax-3 in the lateral neural plate is dependent on a Wnt-mediated signal from posterior nonaxial mesoderm. 1999, Pubmed , Xenbase
Bastidas, Identification of neural crest competence territory: role of Wnt signaling. 2003, Pubmed , Xenbase
Begemann, The zebrafish neckless mutation reveals a requirement for raldh2 in mesodermal signals that pattern the hindbrain. 2001, Pubmed
Betancur, Assembling neural crest regulatory circuits into a gene regulatory network. 2010, Pubmed
Bonstein, Paraxial-fated mesoderm is required for neural crest induction in Xenopus embryos. 1998, Pubmed , Xenbase
Bouwmeester, Cerberus is a head-inducing secreted factor expressed in the anterior endoderm of Spemann's organizer. 1996, Pubmed , Xenbase
Carmona-Fontaine, Neural crests are actively precluded from the anterior neural fold by a novel inhibitory mechanism dependent on Dickkopf1 secreted by the prechordal mesoderm. 2007, Pubmed , Xenbase
Christian, Interactions between Xwnt-8 and Spemann organizer signaling pathways generate dorsoventral pattern in the embryonic mesoderm of Xenopus. 1993, Pubmed , Xenbase
Cornell, Notch in the pathway: the roles of Notch signaling in neural crest development. 2005, Pubmed , Xenbase
Cornell, Delta signaling mediates segregation of neural crest and spinal sensory neurons from zebrafish lateral neural plate. 2000, Pubmed
Cornell, Delta/Notch signaling promotes formation of zebrafish neural crest by repressing Neurogenin 1 function. 2002, Pubmed
De Robertis, Dorsal-ventral patterning and neural induction in Xenopus embryos. 2004, Pubmed , Xenbase
Deardorff, A role for frizzled 3 in neural crest development. 2001, Pubmed , Xenbase
Diez del Corral, Opposing FGF and retinoid pathways control ventral neural pattern, neuronal differentiation, and segmentation during body axis extension. 2003, Pubmed
Diez del Corral, Opposing FGF and retinoid pathways: a signalling switch that controls differentiation and patterning onset in the extending vertebrate body axis. 2004, Pubmed
Domingos, The Wnt/beta-catenin pathway posteriorizes neural tissue in Xenopus by an indirect mechanism requiring FGF signalling. 2002, Pubmed , Xenbase
Endo, Bimodal functions of Notch-mediated signaling are involved in neural crest formation during avian ectoderm development. 2002, Pubmed
Endo, Deltex/Dtx mediates NOTCH signaling in regulation of Bmp4 expression in cranial neural crest formation during avian development. 2003, Pubmed
Fuentealba, Integrating patterning signals: Wnt/GSK3 regulates the duration of the BMP/Smad1 signal. 2007, Pubmed , Xenbase
García-Castro, Ectodermal Wnt function as a neural crest inducer. 2002, Pubmed
Garriock, Census of vertebrate Wnt genes: isolation and developmental expression of Xenopus Wnt2, Wnt3, Wnt9a, Wnt9b, Wnt10a, and Wnt16. 2007, Pubmed , Xenbase
Glavic, Interplay between Notch signaling and the homeoprotein Xiro1 is required for neural crest induction in Xenopus embryos. 2003, Pubmed , Xenbase
Glavic, Role of BMP signaling and the homeoprotein Iroquois in the specification of the cranial placodal field. 2004, Pubmed , Xenbase
Glinka, Dickkopf-1 is a member of a new family of secreted proteins and functions in head induction. 1998, Pubmed , Xenbase
Guentchev, Notch controls proliferation and differentiation of stem cells in a dose-dependent manner. 2006, Pubmed
Gurdon, Embryonic induction--molecular prospects. 1987, Pubmed
Gómez-Skarmeta, Xiro, a Xenopus homolog of the Drosophila Iroquois complex genes, controls development at the neural plate. 1998, Pubmed , Xenbase
Harland, In situ hybridization: an improved whole-mount method for Xenopus embryos. 1992, Pubmed , Xenbase
Harland, Translation of mRNA injected into Xenopus oocytes is specifically inhibited by antisense RNA. 1985, Pubmed , Xenbase
Heeg-Truesdell, Neural induction in Xenopus requires inhibition of Wnt-beta-catenin signaling. 2006, Pubmed , Xenbase
Holzschuh, Noradrenergic neurons in the zebrafish hindbrain are induced by retinoic acid and require tfap2a for expression of the neurotransmitter phenotype. 2003, Pubmed
Hong, Fgf8a induces neural crest indirectly through the activation of Wnt8 in the paraxial mesoderm. 2008, Pubmed , Xenbase
Honoré, Sox10 is required for the early development of the prospective neural crest in Xenopus embryos. 2003, Pubmed , Xenbase
Jonas, Transcriptional regulation of a Xenopus embryonic epidermal keratin gene. 1990, Pubmed , Xenbase
Kee, To proliferate or to die: role of Id3 in cell cycle progression and survival of neural crest progenitors. 2005, Pubmed , Xenbase
Kishi, Requirement of Sox2-mediated signaling for differentiation of early Xenopus neuroectoderm. 2000, Pubmed , Xenbase
Knight, lockjaw encodes a zebrafish tfap2a required for early neural crest development. 2003, Pubmed
LaBonne, Neural crest induction in Xenopus: evidence for a two-signal model. 1998, Pubmed , Xenbase
Lee, Early requirement of the transcriptional activator Sox9 for neural crest specification in Xenopus. 2004, Pubmed , Xenbase
Lekven, Zebrafish wnt8 encodes two wnt8 proteins on a bicistronic transcript and is required for mesoderm and neurectoderm patterning. 2001, Pubmed
Lewis, Reiterated Wnt signaling during zebrafish neural crest development. 2004, Pubmed
Leyns, Frzb-1 is a secreted antagonist of Wnt signaling expressed in the Spemann organizer. 1997, Pubmed , Xenbase
Li, The posteriorizing gene Gbx2 is a direct target of Wnt signalling and the earliest factor in neural crest induction. 2009, Pubmed , Xenbase
Light, Xenopus Id3 is required downstream of Myc for the formation of multipotent neural crest progenitor cells. 2005, Pubmed , Xenbase
Linker, Relationship between gene expression domains of Xsnail, Xslug, and Xtwist and cell movement in the prospective neural crest of Xenopus. 2000, Pubmed , Xenbase
Luo, Distinct roles for Distal-less genes Dlx3 and Dlx5 in regulating ectodermal development in Xenopus. 2001, Pubmed , Xenbase
Luo, Induction of neural crest in Xenopus by transcription factor AP2alpha. 2003, Pubmed , Xenbase
Maeda, Xmsx-1 modifies mesodermal tissue pattern along dorsoventral axis in Xenopus laevis embryo. 1997, Pubmed , Xenbase
Mancilla, Neural crest formation in Xenopus laevis: mechanisms of Xslug induction. 1996, Pubmed , Xenbase
Marchant, The inductive properties of mesoderm suggest that the neural crest cells are specified by a BMP gradient. 1998, Pubmed , Xenbase
Mayor, Induction of the prospective neural crest of Xenopus. 1995, Pubmed , Xenbase
Mayor, Role of FGF and noggin in neural crest induction. 1997, Pubmed , Xenbase
Meulemans, Amphioxus and lamprey AP-2 genes: implications for neural crest evolution and migration patterns. 2002, Pubmed
Monsoro-Burq, Neural crest induction by paraxial mesoderm in Xenopus embryos requires FGF signals. 2003, Pubmed , Xenbase
Monsoro-Burq, Msx1 and Pax3 cooperate to mediate FGF8 and WNT signals during Xenopus neural crest induction. 2005, Pubmed , Xenbase
Moury, Neural fold formation at newly created boundaries between neural plate and epidermis in the axolotl. 1989, Pubmed
Nagatomo, Xenopus hairy2 functions in neural crest formation by maintaining cells in a mitotic and undifferentiated state. 2007, Pubmed , Xenbase
Nakata, A novel member of the Xenopus Zic family, Zic5, mediates neural crest development. 2001, Pubmed , Xenbase
Nakata, Xenopus Zic3, a primary regulator both in neural and neural crest development. 1997, Pubmed , Xenbase
Nakata, Xenopus Zic family and its role in neural and neural crest development. 1999, Pubmed , Xenbase
Neave, A graded response to BMP-4 spatially coordinates patterning of the mesoderm and ectoderm in the zebrafish. 1997, Pubmed
Nguyen, Ventral and lateral regions of the zebrafish gastrula, including the neural crest progenitors, are established by a bmp2b/swirl pathway of genes. 1998, Pubmed , Xenbase
Nichane, Hairy2 functions through both DNA-binding and non DNA-binding mechanisms at the neural plate border in Xenopus. 2009, Pubmed , Xenbase
Nichane, Hairy2-Id3 interactions play an essential role in Xenopus neural crest progenitor specification. 2009, Pubmed , Xenbase
Nichane, Self-regulation of Stat3 activity coordinates cell-cycle progression and neural crest specification. 2010, Pubmed , Xenbase
Olivera-Martinez, Wnt signals provide a timing mechanism for the FGF-retinoid differentiation switch during vertebrate body axis extension. 2007, Pubmed
Papalopulu, Xenopus Distal-less related homeobox genes are expressed in the developing forebrain and are induced by planar signals. 1993, Pubmed , Xenbase
Patthey, Early development of the central and peripheral nervous systems is coordinated by Wnt and BMP signals. 2008, Pubmed
Pera, Integration of IGF, FGF, and anti-BMP signals via Smad1 phosphorylation in neural induction. 2003, Pubmed , Xenbase
Piccolo, The head inducer Cerberus is a multifunctional antagonist of Nodal, BMP and Wnt signals. 1999, Pubmed , Xenbase
Pohl, Overexpression of the transcriptional repressor FoxD3 prevents neural crest formation in Xenopus embryos. 2001, Pubmed , Xenbase
Saint-Jeannet, Regulation of dorsal fate in the neuraxis by Wnt-1 and Wnt-3a. 1998, Pubmed , Xenbase
Sasai, Requirement of FoxD3-class signaling for neural crest determination in Xenopus. 2001, Pubmed , Xenbase
Sato, Neural crest determination by co-activation of Pax3 and Zic1 genes in Xenopus ectoderm. 2005, Pubmed , Xenbase
Selleck, Origins of the avian neural crest: the role of neural plate-epidermal interactions. 1995, Pubmed
Shibata, Xenopus crescent encoding a Frizzled-like domain is expressed in the Spemann organizer and pronephros. 2000, Pubmed , Xenbase
Shiotsugu, Multiple points of interaction between retinoic acid and FGF signaling during embryonic axis formation. 2004, Pubmed , Xenbase
Steventon, Differential requirements of BMP and Wnt signalling during gastrulation and neurulation define two steps in neural crest induction. 2009, Pubmed , Xenbase
Streit, Establishment and maintenance of the border of the neural plate in the chick: involvement of FGF and BMP activity. 1999, Pubmed
Stuhlmiller, FGF/MAPK signaling is required in the gastrula epiblast for avian neural crest induction. 2011, Pubmed
Suzuki, Xenopus msx1 mediates epidermal induction and neural inhibition by BMP4. 1997, Pubmed , Xenbase
Tribulo, Regulation of Msx genes by a Bmp gradient is essential for neural crest specification. 2003, Pubmed , Xenbase
Villanueva, Posteriorization by FGF, Wnt, and retinoic acid is required for neural crest induction. 2002, Pubmed , Xenbase
Vonica, Zygotic Wnt activity is required for Brachyury expression in the early Xenopus laevis embryo. 2002, Pubmed , Xenbase
Wang, Frzb, a secreted protein expressed in the Spemann organizer, binds and inhibits Wnt-8. 1997, Pubmed , Xenbase
Wawersik, Conditional BMP inhibition in Xenopus reveals stage-specific roles for BMPs in neural and neural crest induction. 2004, Pubmed , Xenbase
Wettstein, The Xenopus homolog of Drosophila Suppressor of Hairless mediates Notch signaling during primary neurogenesis. 1997, Pubmed , Xenbase
Wilson, The status of Wnt signalling regulates neural and epidermal fates in the chick embryo. 2001, Pubmed , Xenbase
Wilson, Concentration-dependent patterning of the Xenopus ectoderm by BMP4 and its signal transducer Smad1. 1997, Pubmed , Xenbase
Woda, Dlx proteins position the neural plate border and determine adjacent cell fates. 2002, Pubmed , Xenbase
Yao, Goosecoid promotes head organizer activity by direct repression of Xwnt8 in Spemann's organizer. 2001, Pubmed , Xenbase
de Crozé, Reiterative AP2a activity controls sequential steps in the neural crest gene regulatory network. 2011, Pubmed , Xenbase
von Bubnoff, Intracellular BMP signaling regulation in vertebrates: pathway or network? 2002, Pubmed , Xenbase