XB-ART-45627
J Med Chem
2012 Aug 09;5515:6948-67. doi: 10.1021/jm300802s.
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Optimization of 4-aminoquinoline/clotrimazole-based hybrid antimalarials: further structure-activity relationships, in vivo studies, and preliminary toxicity profiling.
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Despite recent progress in the fight against malaria, the emergence and spread of drug-resistant parasites remains a serious obstacle to the treatment of infections. We recently reported the development of a novel antimalarial drug that combines the 4-aminoquinoline pharmacophore of chloroquine with that of clotrimazole-based antimalarials. Here we describe the optimization of this class of hybrid drug through in-depth structure-activity relationship studies. Antiplasmodial properties and mode of action were characterized in vitro and in vivo, and interactions with the parasite's 'chloroquine resistance transporter' were investigated in a Xenopus laevis oocyte expression system. These tests indicated that piperazine derivatives 4b and 4d may be suitable for coadministration with chloroquine against chloroquine-resistant parasites. The potential for metabolism of the drugs by cytochrome P450 was determined in silico, and the lead compounds were tested for toxicity and mutagenicity. A preliminary pharmacokinetic analysis undertaken in mice indicated that compound 4b has an optimal half-life.
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Species referenced: Xenopus laevis