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PLoS One
2013 Jun 11;86:e65420. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0065420.
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A novel glucagon-related peptide (GCRP) and its receptor GCRPR account for coevolution of their family members in vertebrates.
Park CR
,
Moon MJ
,
Park S
,
Kim DK
,
Cho EB
,
Millar RP
,
Hwang JI
,
Seong JY
.
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The glucagon (GCG) peptide family consists of GCG, glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP1), and GLP2, which are derived from a common GCG precursor, and the glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP). These peptides interact with cognate receptors, GCGR, GLP1R, GLP2R, and GIPR, which belong to the secretin-like G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) family. We used bioinformatics to identify genes encoding a novel GCG-related peptide (GCRP) and its cognate receptor, GCRPR. The GCRP and GCRPR genes were found in representative tetrapod taxa such as anole lizard, chicken, and Xenopus, and in teleosts including medaka, fugu, tetraodon, and stickleback. However, they were not present in mammals and zebrafish. Phylogenetic and genome synteny analyses showed that GCRP emerged through two rounds of whole genome duplication (2R) during early vertebrate evolution. GCRPR appears to have arisen by local tandem gene duplications from a common ancestor of GCRPR, GCGR, and GLP2R after 2R. Biochemical ligand-receptor interaction analyses revealed that GCRP had the highest affinity for GCRPR in comparison to other GCGR family members. Stimulation of chicken, Xenopus, and medaka GCRPRs activated Gαs-mediated signaling. In contrast to chicken and Xenopus GCRPRs, medaka GCRPR also induced Gαq/11-mediated signaling. Chimeric peptides and receptors showed that the K(16)M(17)K(18) and G(16)Q(17)A(18) motifs in GCRP and GLP1, respectively, may at least in part contribute to specific recognition of their cognate receptors through interaction with the receptor core domain. In conclusion, we present novel data demonstrating that GCRP and GCRPR evolved through gene/genome duplications followed by specific modifications that conferred selective recognition to this ligand-receptor pair.
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23776481
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Figure 2. Neighbor-joining phylogenetic tree for GCRPR-related receptors.Human (hu), mouse (mo), chicken (ch), anole lizard (an), Xenopus (xe), zebrafish (zf), medaka (md), fugu (fu), stickleback (sb), and tetraodon (to) along with human SCTR, GHRHR, VIPRs, and ADCYAP1R1 were examined. The amino acid sequences were aligned on ClustalX-2.1, and a tree was constructed with MEGA 5.05. Bootstrap numbers represent 1,000 replicates.
Figure 3. Activities of GCG family peptides on GCRP receptor.HEK293T cells were co-transfected with CRE-luc and plasmids containing chGCRPR (A), xeGCRPR (B), or mdGCRPR (C) in 48-well plates. Forty-eight hours after transfection, cells were treated with the indicated concentrations of peptides (▪ for GCRP; • for chGIP; ◊ for chGLP2; ○ for chGCG; △ for huGLP1; ▾ for Exe-4). Species-specific responses of chGCRPR (D), xeGCRPR (E), and mdGCRPR (F) were determined by treating cells with increasing concentrations of GCRP (▾ for chGCRP; ? for xeGCRP; • for mdGCRP) for 6 h, and luciferase activity was examined.
Figure 4. GCRP activities toward the human GCGR family.Plasmids containing huGIPR (A), huGLP1R (B), huGLP2R (C), or huGCGR (D) cDNA were co-transfected with the CRE-luc reporter vector into HEK293T cells. Forty-eight hours after transfection, cells were treated with various concentrations of human peptides (• for huGIP, huGLP1, huGLP2, and huGCG), GCRP (▾ for chGCRP; ▴ for xeGCRP; ◊ for mdGCRP), and Exe-4 (□) for 6 h. Luciferase activity was then determined.
Figure 5. Ligand-binding affinity of GCRP receptors.A cell-binding assay was performed in HEK293T cells expressing chGCRPR (A), xeGCRPR (B), or mdGCRPR (C) with 125I-chGCRP in the presence of various concentrations of cold ligand (□ for GCRP; ▴ for chGLP1; • for huGCG; ▽ for Exe-4).
Figure 6. GCRPR-mediated signaling pathway.cAMP accumulation (A) or IP production (B) in response to various concentrations of GCRP was determined in HEK293T cells transfected with plasmids containing GCRP receptors (• for chGCRPR; ▾ for xeGCRPR; ◊ for mdGCRPR). mdGCRP induces SRE-luc activity through mdGCRPR (C). Forty-eight hours after transfection with the receptor and the reporter genes, HEK293T cells were treated with different concentrations of GCRPs for 6 h. Luciferase activity was determined.
Figure 7. Potencies and efficacies of chimeric GCRP/GLP1 peptides toward chimeric GCRPR/GLP1R.Plasmids containing wild-type chGCRPR (A), chGLP1R (B), chimeric chGCRPR/chGLP1R (C), or chimeric chGCRPR/huGLP1R (D) cDNAs were introduced into HEK293T cells with the CRE-luc plasmid. Luciferase activities stimulated by graded concentrations of chGCRP (□), chGLP1 (▴), ch[GQA]GCRP (•), or ch[KMK]GLP1 (◊) were determined.
Figure 1. Amino acid sequence alignment of GCRP and neighbor-joining phylogenetic tree for related peptides of vertebrates.
A, The mature peptide sequences of GCRP were predicted and aligned along with the GIP, GCG, GLP1, GLP2, and Gila monster exendins. Conserved residues for GCRPs and related peptides are indicated by different colors as proposed by the ClustalX-2.1 program. The GCRP-specific motif at positions 16–18 is highlighted by red dots above the sequences. B, Neighbor-joining phylogenetic tree for GCRP-related peptides of human (hu), mouse (mo), chicken (ch), anole lizard (an), Xenopus (xe), zebrafish (zf), medaka (md), fugu (fu), stickleback (sb), and tetraodon (to) along with Gila monster exendins and human SCT, GHRH, VIP, and PACAP. The mature peptide sequences were aligned on ClustalX-2.1, and a tree was constructed with MEGA 5.05. Bootstrap numbers represent 1,000 replicates.
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