XB-ART-47674
Development
2013 Dec 01;14024:4830-43. doi: 10.1242/dev.100511.
Show Gene links
Show Anatomy links
Mechanisms of scaling in pattern formation.
Umulis DM
,
Othmer HG
.
???displayArticle.abstract???
Many organisms and their constituent tissues and organs vary substantially in size but differ little in morphology; they appear to be scaled versions of a common template or pattern. Such scaling involves adjusting the intrinsic scale of spatial patterns of gene expression that are set up during development to the size of the system. Identifying the mechanisms that regulate scaling of patterns at the tissue, organ and organism level during development is a longstanding challenge in biology, but recent molecular-level data and mathematical modeling have shed light on scaling mechanisms in several systems, including Drosophila and Xenopus. Here, we investigate the underlying principles needed for understanding the mechanisms that can produce scale invariance in spatial pattern formation and discuss examples of systems that scale during development.
???displayArticle.pubmedLink??? 24301464
???displayArticle.pmcLink??? PMC3848184
???displayArticle.link??? Development
???displayArticle.grants??? [+]
GM29123 NIGMS NIH HHS , R01 GM029123 NIGMS NIH HHS , R01 HD073156 NICHD NIH HHS , HD73156 NICHD NIH HHS
References [+] :
Ben-Zvi,
Scaling of morphogen gradients by an expansion-repression integral feedback control.
2010, Pubmed,
Xenbase
Ben-Zvi, Scaling of morphogen gradients by an expansion-repression integral feedback control. 2010, Pubmed , Xenbase
Ben-Zvi, Expansion-repression mechanism for scaling the Dpp activation gradient in Drosophila wing imaginal discs. 2011, Pubmed
Ben-Zvi, Scaling of the BMP activation gradient in Xenopus embryos. 2008, Pubmed , Xenbase
Bergmann, Pre-steady-state decoding of the Bicoid morphogen gradient. 2007, Pubmed
Bollenbach, Robust formation of morphogen gradients. 2005, Pubmed
Bollenbach, Precision of the Dpp gradient. 2008, Pubmed
Chahda, Variation in the dorsal gradient distribution is a source for modified scaling of germ layers in Drosophila. 2013, Pubmed
Cheung, Scaling of the Bicoid morphogen gradient by a volume-dependent production rate. 2011, Pubmed
Cooke, Scale of body pattern adjusts to available cell number in amphibian embryos. 1981, Pubmed , Xenbase
Coppey, Modeling the bicoid gradient: diffusion and reversible nuclear trapping of a stable protein. 2007, Pubmed
Coppey, Nuclear trapping shapes the terminal gradient in the Drosophila embryo. 2008, Pubmed
Crocker, Evolution acts on enhancer organization to fine-tune gradient threshold readouts. 2008, Pubmed
De Robertis, Spemann's organizer and self-regulation in amphibian embryos. 2006, Pubmed
Dou, Label-free imaging of lipid-droplet intracellular motion in early Drosophila embryos using femtosecond-stimulated Raman loss microscopy. 2012, Pubmed
Eivers, Integrating positional information at the level of Smad1/5/8. 2008, Pubmed , Xenbase
Foe, Studies of nuclear and cytoplasmic behaviour during the five mitotic cycles that precede gastrulation in Drosophila embryogenesis. 1983, Pubmed
Francois, Scaling of BMP gradients in Xenopus embryos. 2009, Pubmed , Xenbase
Gregor, Shape and function of the Bicoid morphogen gradient in dipteran species with different sized embryos. 2008, Pubmed
Gregor, Diffusion and scaling during early embryonic pattern formation. 2005, Pubmed
Gregor, Stability and nuclear dynamics of the bicoid morphogen gradient. 2007, Pubmed
Grimm, The Bicoid gradient is shaped independently of nuclei. 2010, Pubmed
Grimm, Modelling the Bicoid gradient. 2010, Pubmed
Hamaratoglu, Dpp signaling activity requires Pentagone to scale with tissue size in the growing Drosophila wing imaginal disc. 2011, Pubmed
Hecht, Determining the scale of the Bicoid morphogen gradient. 2009, Pubmed
Hengenius, Analysis of gap gene regulation in a 3D organism-scale model of the Drosophila melanogaster embryo. 2011, Pubmed
Houchmandzadeh, Establishment of developmental precision and proportions in the early Drosophila embryo. 2002, Pubmed
Inomata, Scaling of dorsal-ventral patterning by embryo size-dependent degradation of Spemann's organizer signals. 2013, Pubmed , Xenbase
Inomata, Robust stability of the embryonic axial pattern requires a secreted scaffold for chordin degradation. 2008, Pubmed , Xenbase
Jaeger, The gap gene network. 2011, Pubmed
Jaeger, Dynamic control of positional information in the early Drosophila embryo. 2004, Pubmed
Kageura, Pattern regulation in isolated halves and blastomeres of early Xenopus laevis. 1983, Pubmed , Xenbase
Kageura, Pattern regulation in defect embryos of Xenopus laevis. 1984, Pubmed , Xenbase
Kang, The effect of the signalling scheme on the robustness of pattern formation in development. 2012, Pubmed
Kondo, A reaction-diffusion wave on the skin of the marine angelfish Pomacanthus. 1995, Pubmed
Kruse, Dpp gradient formation by dynamin-dependent endocytosis: receptor trafficking and the diffusion model. 2004, Pubmed
Lander, Morpheus unbound: reimagining the morphogen gradient. 2007, Pubmed
Lee, Embryonic dorsal-ventral signaling: secreted frizzled-related proteins as inhibitors of tolloid proteinases. 2006, Pubmed , Xenbase
Li, Adult-specific over-expression of the Drosophila genes magu and hebe increases life span and modulates late-age female fecundity. 2009, Pubmed
Little, The formation of the Bicoid morphogen gradient requires protein movement from anteriorly localized mRNA. 2011, Pubmed
Lott, Canalization of segmentation and its evolution in Drosophila. 2007, Pubmed
Manu, Canalization of gene expression and domain shifts in the Drosophila blastoderm by dynamical attractors. 2009, Pubmed
McHale, Embryonic pattern scaling achieved by oppositely directed morphogen gradients. 2006, Pubmed
Miles, Artificial selection on egg size perturbs early pattern formation in Drosophila melanogaster. 2011, Pubmed
Milo, Network motifs: simple building blocks of complex networks. 2002, Pubmed
Müller, Morphogen transport. 2013, Pubmed
Oelgeschläger, The evolutionarily conserved BMP-binding protein Twisted gastrulation promotes BMP signalling. 2000, Pubmed , Xenbase
Onichtchouk, Silencing of TGF-beta signalling by the pseudoreceptor BAMBI. 1999, Pubmed , Xenbase
Othmer, The Intersection of Theory and Application in Elucidating Pattern Formation in Developmental Biology. 2009, Pubmed
Othmer, Scale-invariance in reaction-diffusion models of spatial pattern formation. 1980, Pubmed
Othmer, Instability and dynamic pattern in cellular networks. 1971, Pubmed
Othmer, A continuum model for coupled cells. 1983, Pubmed
Painter, Stripe formation in juvenile Pomacanthus explained by a generalized turing mechanism with chemotaxis. 1999, Pubmed
Piccolo, Dorsoventral patterning in Xenopus: inhibition of ventral signals by direct binding of chordin to BMP-4. 1996, Pubmed , Xenbase
Piccolo, Cleavage of Chordin by Xolloid metalloprotease suggests a role for proteolytic processing in the regulation of Spemann organizer activity. 1997, Pubmed , Xenbase
Plouhinec, Systems control of BMP morphogen flow in vertebrate embryos. 2011, Pubmed , Xenbase
Plouhinec, Systems biology of the self-regulating morphogenetic gradient of the Xenopus gastrula. 2009, Pubmed , Xenbase
Reversade, Regulation of ADMP and BMP2/4/7 at opposite embryonic poles generates a self-regulating morphogenetic field. 2005, Pubmed , Xenbase
Roy, Specificity of Drosophila cytonemes for distinct signaling pathways. 2011, Pubmed
Sasai, Xenopus chordin: a novel dorsalizing factor activated by organizer-specific homeobox genes. 1994, Pubmed , Xenbase
Schmierer, Mathematical modeling identifies Smad nucleocytoplasmic shuttling as a dynamic signal-interpreting system. 2008, Pubmed
Shimmi, Facilitated transport of a Dpp/Scw heterodimer by Sog/Tsg leads to robust patterning of the Drosophila blastoderm embryo. 2005, Pubmed
Shingleton, Size and shape: the developmental regulation of static allometry in insects. 2007, Pubmed
Smith, Forming and interpreting gradients in the early Xenopus embryo. 2009, Pubmed , Xenbase
Umulis, Organism-scale modeling of early Drosophila patterning via bone morphogenetic proteins. 2010, Pubmed
Umulis, Analysis of dynamic morphogen scale invariance. 2009, Pubmed
Umulis, Robustness of embryonic spatial patterning in Drosophila melanogaster. 2008, Pubmed
Umulis, The extracellular regulation of bone morphogenetic protein signaling. 2009, Pubmed
Vuilleumier, Control of Dpp morphogen signalling by a secreted feedback regulator. 2010, Pubmed
Wang, Spatial bistability of Dpp-receptor interactions during Drosophila dorsal-ventral patterning. 2005, Pubmed
Wartlick, The missing link: implementation of morphogenetic growth control on the cellular and molecular level. 2011, Pubmed
Wartlick, Dynamics of Dpp signaling and proliferation control. 2011, Pubmed
Wolpert, Positional information and the spatial pattern of cellular differentiation. 1969, Pubmed