Click here to close
Hello! We notice that you are using Internet Explorer, which is not supported by Xenbase and may cause the site to display incorrectly.
We suggest using a current version of Chrome,
FireFox, or Safari.
???displayArticle.abstract??? Midkine (MK) is a growth factor with neurotrophic and neurite outgrowth activities. It was expressed in the peri-ischaemic area in the acute phase of cerebral infarction in rat brains. Astrocytes were the origin of MK in this occasion. MK has been assessed in terms of its effects on neural injury. The administration of MK into the lateral ventricle immediately prior to ischaemia prevented cell death in the hippocampal CA1 neurons degenerated by transient forebrain ischaemia in gerbils. MK administration was also beneficial in rats with neural injury, especially after kainic acid-induced seizures. Gene therapy with mouse MK cDNA using an adenovirus was effective in reducing the cerebral infarction volume and in increasing the number of neuronal precursor cells in the subventricular zone of the rat brain. MK mRNA and MK protein were found in spinal cord motor neurons of the anterior horn in both the acute phase of sciatic nerve injury and 3 weeks later. MK immunoreactivity was also found in the proximal side of a sciatic nerve-injured site in sciatic nerve axons. MK receptors were expressed in Schwann cells after injury, suggesting crosstalk between axons and Schwann cells. MK was also present in nerve terminals and influenced ACh receptor clustering during neuromuscular development in Xenopus. Thus, MK may also be involved in reinforcing and maintaining the synapse. All these findings indicate the therapeutic potential of MK for promoting repair of the nervous system after injury. This article is part of a themed section on Midkine. To view the other articles in this section visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2014.171.issue-4.
Figure 1. Midkine (MK) is induced by injury and can either support repair or potentiate injury, depending on the level of the inflammation accompanying the initiating injury. When there is a relatively low level of inflammation, as in the CNS, peripheral nerves, heart, liver or muscle, MK promotes repair. When there is marked inflammation, as in the kidney, blood vessels, post-surgical adhesions, antibody-induced arthritis or EAE, the effects of MK are harmful as they reinforce the inflammatory changes and delay repair.
Fan,
Distinct expression of midkine and pleiotrophin in the spinal cord and placental tissues during early mouse development.
2000, Pubmed
Fan,
Distinct expression of midkine and pleiotrophin in the spinal cord and placental tissues during early mouse development.
2000,
Pubmed
Gómez-Pinilla,
Spatial learning and physical activity contribute to the induction of fibroblast growth factor: neural substrates for increased cognition associated with exercise.
1998,
Pubmed
Harvey,
Midkine and retinoic acid reduce cerebral infarction induced by middle cerebral artery ligation in rats.
2004,
Pubmed
Horiba,
Neointima formation in a restenosis model is suppressed in midkine-deficient mice.
2000,
Pubmed
Horiba,
Midkine plays a protective role against cardiac ischemia/reperfusion injury through a reduction of apoptotic reaction.
2006,
Pubmed
Ikutomo,
Midkine-deficient mice delayed degeneration and regeneration after skeletal muscle injury.
2014,
Pubmed
Inoh,
Midkine, a heparin-binding cytokine, plays key roles in intraperitoneal adhesions.
2004,
Pubmed
Ishikawa,
Midkine gene transfer protects against focal brain ischemia and augments neurogenesis.
2009,
Pubmed
Kadomatsu,
The heparin-binding growth factor midkine: the biological activities and candidate receptors.
2013,
Pubmed
Kadomatsu,
cDNA cloning and sequencing of a new gene intensely expressed in early differentiation stages of embryonal carcinoma cells and in mid-gestation period of mouse embryogenesis.
1988,
Pubmed
Kadomatsu,
A retinoic acid responsive gene MK found in the teratocarcinoma system is expressed in spatially and temporally controlled manner during mouse embryogenesis.
1990,
Pubmed
Kato,
Midkine, a new neurotrophic factor, is present in glial cytoplasmic inclusions of multiple system atrophy brains.
2000,
Pubmed
Kato,
Monoclonal antibody to human midkine reveals increased midkine expression in human brain tumors.
1999,
Pubmed
Kikuchi-Horie,
Distinctive expression of midkine in the repair period of rat brain during neurogenesis: immunohistochemical and immunoelectron microscopic observations.
2004,
Pubmed
Kim,
Exercise increased BDNF and trkB in the contralateral hemisphere of the ischemic rat brain.
2005,
Pubmed
Kim,
Midkine, heparin-binding growth factor, blocks kainic acid-induced seizure and neuronal cell death in mouse hippocampus.
2010,
Pubmed
Kohno,
Midkine promoter-based conditionally replicative adenovirus for malignant glioma therapy.
2004,
Pubmed
Liu,
Basic FGF and FGF receptor 1 are expressed in microglia during experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis: temporally distinct expression of midkine and pleiotrophin.
1998,
Pubmed
Maeda,
A receptor-like protein-tyrosine phosphatase PTPzeta/RPTPbeta binds a heparin-binding growth factor midkine. Involvement of arginine 78 of midkine in the high affinity binding to PTPzeta.
1999,
Pubmed
Maruyama,
Midkine, a heparin-binding growth factor, is fundamentally involved in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis.
2004,
Pubmed
Mashour,
The angiogenic factor midkine is aberrantly expressed in NF1-deficient Schwann cells and is a mitogen for neurofibroma-derived cells.
2001,
Pubmed
Matsuda,
The effects of early exercise on brain damage and recovery after focal cerebral infarction in rats.
2011,
Pubmed
Matsumoto,
A novel family of heparin-binding growth factors, pleiotrophin and midkine, is expressed in the developing rat cerebral cortex.
1994,
Pubmed
Michikawa,
Retinoic acid responsive gene product, midkine, has neurotrophic functions for mouse spinal cord and dorsal root ganglion neurons in culture.
1993,
Pubmed
Mishima,
Increased expression of midkine during the progression of human astrocytomas.
1997,
Pubmed
Mochizuki,
Induction of midkine expression in reactive astrocytes following rat transient forebrain ischemia.
1998,
Pubmed
Muramatsu,
Midkine, a heparin-binding cytokine with multiple roles in development, repair and diseases.
2010,
Pubmed
Muramatsu,
Midkine: a promising molecule for drug development to treat diseases of the central nervous system.
2011,
Pubmed
Muramatsu,
Structure and function of midkine as the basis of its pharmacological effects.
2014,
Pubmed
Muramatsu,
Purification of recombinant midkine and examination of its biological activities: functional comparison of new heparin binding factors.
1991,
Pubmed
Muramatsu,
Midkine, a retinoic acid-inducible growth/differentiation factor: immunochemical evidence for the function and distribution.
1993,
Pubmed
Muramoto,
Midkine overcomes neurite outgrowth inhibition of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan without glial activation and promotes functional recovery after spinal cord injury.
2013,
Pubmed
Nakamura,
Disruption of the midkine gene (Mdk) resulted in altered expression of a calcium binding protein in the hippocampus of infant mice and their abnormal behaviour.
1998,
Pubmed
Neeper,
Physical activity increases mRNA for brain-derived neurotrophic factor and nerve growth factor in rat brain.
1996,
Pubmed
Ochiai,
The role of midkine and pleiotrophin in liver regeneration.
2004,
Pubmed
Sakakima,
Midkine expression in rat spinal motor neurons following sciatic nerve injury.
2004,
Pubmed
Sakakima,
Midkine and its receptor in regenerating rat skeletal muscle after bupivacaine injection.
2006,
Pubmed
Sakakima,
Disruption of the midkine gene (Mdk) delays degeneration and regeneration in injured peripheral nerve.
2009,
Pubmed
Sakakima,
Traumatic injury-induced midkine expression in the adult rat spinal cord during the early stage.
2004,
Pubmed
Sato,
Midkine is involved in neutrophil infiltration into the tubulointerstitium in ischemic renal injury.
2001,
Pubmed
Satoh,
Midkine that promotes survival of fetal human neurons is produced by fetal human astrocytes in culture.
1993,
Pubmed
Sekiguchi,
Restricted expression of Xenopus midkine gene during early development.
1995,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Shibata,
Nuclear targeting by the growth factor midkine.
2002,
Pubmed
Sun,
Different patterns of abnormal neuronal migration in the cerebral cortex of mice prenatally exposed to irradiation.
1999,
Pubmed
Sun,
An immunohistochemical study of radial glial cells in the mouse brain prenatally exposed to gamma-irradiation.
1997,
Pubmed
Takada,
Postischemic gene transfer of midkine, a neurotrophic factor, protects against focal brain ischemia.
2005,
Pubmed
Uehara,
Genomic structure of human midkine (MK), a retinoic acid-responsive growth/differentiation factor.
1992,
Pubmed
Unoki,
Rescue of photoreceptors from the damaging effects of constant light by midkine, a retinoic acid-responsive gene product.
1994,
Pubmed
Wang,
Inhibition of midkine alleviates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis through the expansion of regulatory T cell population.
2008,
Pubmed
Wang,
Midkine exists in astrocytes in the early stage of cerebral infarction.
1998,
Pubmed
Weinachter,
Models of hypoxia and cerebral ischemia.
1990,
Pubmed
Yasuhara,
Midkine, a novel neurotrophic factor, is present in senile plaques of Alzheimer disease.
1993,
Pubmed
Yokota,
Midkine counteracts the activin signal in mesoderm induction and promotes neural formation.
1998,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Yoshida,
Intraventricular administration of the neurotrophic factor midkine ameliorates hippocampal delayed neuronal death following transient forebrain ischemia in gerbils.
2001,
Pubmed
Yoshida,
Expression of the heparin-binding growth factor midkine in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with neurological disorders.
2008,
Pubmed
Yoshida,
Midkine is present in the early stage of cerebral infarct.
1995,
Pubmed
Zhou,
A role of midkine in the development of the neuromuscular junction.
1997,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Zou,
Midkine, a heparin-binding growth factor, is expressed in neural precursor cells and promotes their growth.
2006,
Pubmed
