XB-ART-50801
Front Aging Neurosci
January 1, 2015;
7
62.
The emergence of Pax7-expressing muscle stem cells during vertebrate head muscle development.
Nogueira JM
,
Hawrot K
,
Sharpe C
,
Noble A
,
Wood WM
,
Jorge EC
,
Goldhamer DJ
,
Kardon G
,
Dietrich S
.
Abstract
Pax7 expressing muscle stem cells accompany all skeletal muscles in the body and in healthy individuals, efficiently repair muscle after injury. Currently, the in vitro manipulation and culture of these cells is still in its infancy, yet muscle stem cells may be the most promising route toward the therapy of muscle diseases such as muscular dystrophies. It is often overlooked that muscular dystrophies affect head and body skeletal muscle differently. Moreover, these muscles develop differently. Specifically, head muscle and its stem cells develop from the non-somitic head mesoderm which also has cardiac competence. To which extent head muscle stem cells retain properties of the early head mesoderm and might even be able to switch between a skeletal muscle and cardiac fate is not known. This is due to the fact that the timing and mechanisms underlying head muscle stem cell development are still obscure. Consequently, it is not clear at which time point one should compare the properties of head mesodermal cells and head muscle stem cells. To shed light on this, we traced the emergence of head muscle stem cells in the key vertebrate models for myogenesis, chicken, mouse, frog and zebrafish, using Pax7 as key marker. Our study reveals a common theme of head muscle stem cell development that is quite different from the trunk. Unlike trunk muscle stem cells, head muscle stem cells do not have a previous history of Pax7 expression, instead Pax7 expression emerges de-novo. The cells develop late, and well after the head mesoderm has committed to myogenesis. We propose that this unique mechanism of muscle stem cell development is a legacy of the evolutionary history of the chordate head mesoderm.
PubMed ID: 26042028
PMC ID: PMC4436886
Article link: Front Aging Neurosci
Grant support: [+]
Species referenced: Xenopus laevis
Genes referenced: acta4 actl6a alx4 des.1 des.2 eya1 isl1 msc myf5 myf6 myh1 myh3 myod1 myog myrf npb pam pax3 pax7 ptp4a2 rpsa six1 slc12a3 tbx1 tcf15 tcf21 tcf3 tnni1 tsc1
Antibodies: Myh1 Ab1
Article Images: [+] show captions
References [+] :
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Establishment of the epaxial-hypaxial boundary in the avian myotome.
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Bandín, Regional expression of Pax7 in the brain of Xenopus laevis during embryonic and larval development. 2014, Pubmed , Xenbase
Biressi, Myf5 expression during fetal myogenesis defines the developmental progenitors of adult satellite cells. 2013, Pubmed
Bothe, The molecular setup of the avian head mesoderm and its implication for craniofacial myogenesis. 2006, Pubmed
Bothe, Dynamic control of head mesoderm patterning. 2011, Pubmed
Braun, Differential expression of myogenic determination genes in muscle cells: possible autoactivation by the Myf gene products. 1990, Pubmed
Bryson-Richardson, The genetics of vertebrate myogenesis. 2008, Pubmed
Buckingham, Distinct and dynamic myogenic populations in the vertebrate embryo. 2009, Pubmed
Camp, Fate mapping identifies the origin of SHF/AHF progenitors in the chick primitive streak. 2012, Pubmed
Castellanos, Mammalian TBX1 preferentially binds and regulates downstream targets via a tandem T-site repeat. 2014, Pubmed
Christophorou, Activation of Six1 target genes is required for sensory placode formation. 2009, Pubmed
Collins, Integrated functions of Pax3 and Pax7 in the regulation of proliferation, cell size and myogenic differentiation. 2009, Pubmed
Couly, The developmental fate of the cephalic mesoderm in quail-chick chimeras. 1992, Pubmed
Czajkowski, Divergent and conserved roles of Dll1 signaling in development of craniofacial and trunk muscle. 2014, Pubmed
Daughters, Origin of muscle satellite cells in the Xenopus embryo. 2011, Pubmed , Xenbase
Della Gaspera, Myogenic waves and myogenic programs during Xenopus embryonic myogenesis. 2012, Pubmed , Xenbase
Diao, Pax3/7BP is a Pax7- and Pax3-binding protein that regulates the proliferation of muscle precursor cells by an epigenetic mechanism. 2012, Pubmed
Diehl, Extraocular muscle morphogenesis and gene expression are regulated by Pitx2 gene dose. 2006, Pubmed
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Dietrich, Specification of the hypaxial musculature. 1998, Pubmed
Dietrich, The role of SF/HGF and c-Met in the development of skeletal muscle. 1999, Pubmed
Dong, Pitx2 promotes development of splanchnic mesoderm-derived branchiomeric muscle. 2006, Pubmed
Emery, The muscular dystrophies. 2002, Pubmed
Evans, A mitochondrial DNA phylogeny of African clawed frogs: phylogeography and implications for polyploid evolution. 2004, Pubmed , Xenbase
Evans, Genome evolution and speciation genetics of clawed frogs (Xenopus and Silurana). 2008, Pubmed , Xenbase
Gans, Neural crest and the origin of vertebrates: a new head. 2010, Pubmed
Garbern, Cardiac stem cell therapy and the promise of heart regeneration. 2013, Pubmed
Garg, Tbx1, a DiGeorge syndrome candidate gene, is regulated by sonic hedgehog during pharyngeal arch development. 2001, Pubmed
Gianakopoulos, MyoD directly up-regulates premyogenic mesoderm factors during induction of skeletal myogenesis in stem cells. 2011, Pubmed
Gillis, A stem-deuterostome origin of the vertebrate pharyngeal transcriptional network. 2011, Pubmed
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Grifone, Six1 and Six4 homeoproteins are required for Pax3 and Mrf expression during myogenesis in the mouse embryo. 2005, Pubmed
Grifone, Eya1 and Eya2 proteins are required for hypaxial somitic myogenesis in the mouse embryo. 2007, Pubmed
Gros, A common somitic origin for embryonic muscle progenitors and satellite cells. 2005, Pubmed
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Hammond, Signals and myogenic regulatory factors restrict pax3 and pax7 expression to dermomyotome-like tissue in zebrafish. 2007, Pubmed
Harel, Distinct origins and genetic programs of head muscle satellite cells. 2009, Pubmed
Harland, In situ hybridization: an improved whole-mount method for Xenopus embryos. 1992, Pubmed , Xenbase
Heanue, Synergistic regulation of vertebrate muscle development by Dach2, Eya2, and Six1, homologs of genes required for Drosophila eye formation. 2000, Pubmed
Hebert, The role of Pitx2 in maintaining the phenotype of myogenic precursor cells in the extraocular muscles. 2013, Pubmed
Hinits, Differential requirements for myogenic regulatory factors distinguish medial and lateral somitic, cranial and fin muscle fibre populations. 2009, Pubmed
Holland, AmphiPax3/7, an amphioxus paired box gene: insights into chordate myogenesis, neurogenesis, and the possible evolutionary precursor of definitive vertebrate neural crest. 2001, Pubmed
Holland, Gene duplications and the origins of vertebrate development. 1995, Pubmed
Hughes, Evolution of duplicate genes in a tetraploid animal, Xenopus laevis. 1994, Pubmed , Xenbase
Hutcheson, Embryonic and fetal limb myogenic cells are derived from developmentally distinct progenitors and have different requirements for beta-catenin. 2009, Pubmed
Jostes, The murine paired box gene, Pax7, is expressed specifically during the development of the nervous and muscular system. 1991, Pubmed , Xenbase
Kanisicak, Progenitors of skeletal muscle satellite cells express the muscle determination gene, MyoD. 2009, Pubmed
Kassar-Duchossoy, Pax3/Pax7 mark a novel population of primitive myogenic cells during development. 2005, Pubmed
Kawabe, Carm1 regulates Pax7 transcriptional activity through MLL1/2 recruitment during asymmetric satellite stem cell divisions. 2012, Pubmed
Kelly, The del22q11.2 candidate gene Tbx1 regulates branchiomeric myogenesis. 2004, Pubmed
Kimmel, Stages of embryonic development of the zebrafish. 1996, Pubmed , Xenbase
Kitamura, Mouse Pitx2 deficiency leads to anomalies of the ventral body wall, heart, extra- and periocular mesoderm and right pulmonary isomerism. 2000, Pubmed
Kragl, Cells keep a memory of their tissue origin during axolotl limb regeneration. 2009, Pubmed
Kusakabe, Expression and interaction of muscle-related genes in the lamprey imply the evolutionary scenario for vertebrate skeletal muscle, in association with the acquisition of the neck and fins. 2011, Pubmed
Lepper, Adult satellite cells and embryonic muscle progenitors have distinct genetic requirements. 2009, Pubmed
Lin, Myogenic regulatory factors Myf5 and Myod function distinctly during craniofacial myogenesis of zebrafish. 2006, Pubmed
Lours, The dissociation of the Fgf-feedback loop controls the limbless state of the neck. 2005, Pubmed
Lu, Control of facial muscle development by MyoR and capsulin. 2002, Pubmed
Maczkowiak, The Pax3 and Pax7 paralogs cooperate in neural and neural crest patterning using distinct molecular mechanisms, in Xenopus laevis embryos. 2010, Pubmed , Xenbase
Mahadevan, Developmental expression of the amphioxus Tbx1/ 10 gene illuminates the evolution of vertebrate branchial arches and sclerotome. 2004, Pubmed
Moncaut, Musculin and TCF21 coordinate the maintenance of myogenic regulatory factor expression levels during mouse craniofacial development. 2012, Pubmed
Mootoosamy, Distinct regulatory cascades for head and trunk myogenesis. 2002, Pubmed
Mourikis, Distinct contextual roles for Notch signalling in skeletal muscle stem cells. 2014, Pubmed
Mourikis, Cell-autonomous Notch activity maintains the temporal specification potential of skeletal muscle stem cells. 2012, Pubmed
Müller, Evolutionary aspects of developmentally regulated helix-loop-helix transcription factors in striated muscle of jellyfish. 2003, Pubmed
Noden, The differentiation and morphogenesis of craniofacial muscles. 2006, Pubmed
Noden, Differentiation of avian craniofacial muscles: I. Patterns of early regulatory gene expression and myosin heavy chain synthesis. 1999, Pubmed
Noden, The embryonic origins of avian cephalic and cervical muscles and associated connective tissues. 1984, Pubmed
Ohno, Evolution from fish to mammals by gene duplication. 1968, Pubmed
Ono, Muscle satellite cells are a functionally heterogeneous population in both somite-derived and branchiomeric muscles. 2009, Pubmed
Pajcini, Transient inactivation of Rb and ARF yields regenerative cells from postmitotic mammalian muscle. 2010, Pubmed
Penn, A MyoD-generated feed-forward circuit temporally patterns gene expression during skeletal muscle differentiation. 2004, Pubmed
Postlethwait, The zebrafish genome in context: ohnologs gone missing. 2007, Pubmed
Razy-Krajka, Collier/OLF/EBF-dependent transcriptional dynamics control pharyngeal muscle specification from primed cardiopharyngeal progenitors. 2014, Pubmed
Relaix, Pax3 and Pax7 have distinct and overlapping functions in adult muscle progenitor cells. 2006, Pubmed
Relaix, Six homeoproteins directly activate Myod expression in the gene regulatory networks that control early myogenesis. 2013, Pubmed
Relaix, A Pax3/Pax7-dependent population of skeletal muscle progenitor cells. 2005, Pubmed
Relaix, Satellite cells are essential for skeletal muscle regeneration: the cell on the edge returns centre stage. 2012, Pubmed
Rosenberg, A potential role of R-cadherin in striated muscle formation. 1997, Pubmed
Sambasivan, Embryonic founders of adult muscle stem cells are primed by the determination gene Mrf4. 2013, Pubmed
Sambasivan, An eye on the head: the development and evolution of craniofacial muscles. 2011, Pubmed
Sambasivan, Distinct regulatory cascades govern extraocular and pharyngeal arch muscle progenitor cell fates. 2009, Pubmed
Schienda, Somitic origin of limb muscle satellite and side population cells. 2006, Pubmed
Schilling, Musculoskeletal patterning in the pharyngeal segments of the zebrafish embryo. 1997, Pubmed
Schmidt, Cranial muscles in amphibians: development, novelties and the role of cranial neural crest cells. 2012, Pubmed , Xenbase
Schuster-Gossler, Premature myogenic differentiation and depletion of progenitor cells cause severe muscle hypotrophy in Delta1 mutants. 2007, Pubmed
Seale, Pax7 is required for the specification of myogenic satellite cells. 2000, Pubmed
Seo, The zebrafish Pax3 and Pax7 homologues are highly conserved, encode multiple isoforms and show dynamic segment-like expression in the developing brain. 1998, Pubmed
Shimizu, Peduncle of Hydra and the heart of higher organisms share a common ancestral origin. 2003, Pubmed
Somorjai, Vertebrate-like regeneration in the invertebrate chordate amphioxus. 2012, Pubmed
Steinmetz, Independent evolution of striated muscles in cnidarians and bilaterians. 2012, Pubmed
Stolfi, Early chordate origins of the vertebrate second heart field. 2010, Pubmed , Xenbase
Summerbell, Expression of the myogenic regulatory factor Mrf4 precedes or is contemporaneous with that of Myf5 in the somitic bud. 2002, Pubmed
Takahashi, The role of Alx-4 in the establishment of anteroposterior polarity during vertebrate limb development. 1999, Pubmed , Xenbase
Thisse, High-resolution in situ hybridization to whole-mount zebrafish embryos. 2008, Pubmed
Troy, Coordination of satellite cell activation and self-renewal by Par-complex-dependent asymmetric activation of p38α/β MAPK. 2012, Pubmed
Vasyutina, RBP-J (Rbpsuh) is essential to maintain muscle progenitor cells and to generate satellite cells. 2007, Pubmed
Wang, NK4 antagonizes Tbx1/10 to promote cardiac versus pharyngeal muscle fate in the ascidian second heart field. 2013, Pubmed
Weintraub, Activation of muscle-specific genes in pigment, nerve, fat, liver, and fibroblast cell lines by forced expression of MyoD. 1989, Pubmed
Wilson-Rawls, Differential regulation of epaxial and hypaxial muscle development by paraxis. 2000, Pubmed
Wood, MyoD-expressing progenitors are essential for skeletal myogenesis and satellite cell development. 2013, Pubmed
Yamamoto, A multifunctional reporter mouse line for Cre- and FLP-dependent lineage analysis. 2009, Pubmed
Yoshida, Cell heterogeneity upon myogenic differentiation: down-regulation of MyoD and Myf-5 generates 'reserve cells'. 1998, Pubmed
Yoshioka, Pitx2, a bicoid-type homeobox gene, is involved in a lefty-signaling pathway in determination of left-right asymmetry. 1998, Pubmed
Zacharias, Pitx2 is an upstream activator of extraocular myogenesis and survival. 2011, Pubmed
Ziermann, Patterns of spatial and temporal cranial muscle development in the African clawed frog, Xenopus laevis (Anura: Pipidae). 2007, Pubmed , Xenbase
von Maltzahn, Pax7 is critical for the normal function of satellite cells in adult skeletal muscle. 2013, Pubmed
von Scheven, Protein and genomic organisation of vertebrate MyoR and Capsulin genes and their expression during avian development. 2006, Pubmed
Šošić, Regulation of paraxis expression and somite formation by ectoderm- and neural tube-derived signals. 1997, Pubmed
Alvares, Intrinsic, Hox-dependent cues determine the fate of skeletal muscle precursors. 2003, Pubmed
Baker, A Xenopus c-kit-related receptor tyrosine kinase expressed in migrating stem cells of the lateral line system. 1995, Pubmed , Xenbase
Bandín, Regional expression of Pax7 in the brain of Xenopus laevis during embryonic and larval development. 2014, Pubmed , Xenbase
Biressi, Myf5 expression during fetal myogenesis defines the developmental progenitors of adult satellite cells. 2013, Pubmed
Bothe, The molecular setup of the avian head mesoderm and its implication for craniofacial myogenesis. 2006, Pubmed
Bothe, Dynamic control of head mesoderm patterning. 2011, Pubmed
Braun, Differential expression of myogenic determination genes in muscle cells: possible autoactivation by the Myf gene products. 1990, Pubmed
Bryson-Richardson, The genetics of vertebrate myogenesis. 2008, Pubmed
Buckingham, Distinct and dynamic myogenic populations in the vertebrate embryo. 2009, Pubmed
Camp, Fate mapping identifies the origin of SHF/AHF progenitors in the chick primitive streak. 2012, Pubmed
Castellanos, Mammalian TBX1 preferentially binds and regulates downstream targets via a tandem T-site repeat. 2014, Pubmed
Christophorou, Activation of Six1 target genes is required for sensory placode formation. 2009, Pubmed
Collins, Integrated functions of Pax3 and Pax7 in the regulation of proliferation, cell size and myogenic differentiation. 2009, Pubmed
Couly, The developmental fate of the cephalic mesoderm in quail-chick chimeras. 1992, Pubmed
Czajkowski, Divergent and conserved roles of Dll1 signaling in development of craniofacial and trunk muscle. 2014, Pubmed
Daughters, Origin of muscle satellite cells in the Xenopus embryo. 2011, Pubmed , Xenbase
Della Gaspera, Myogenic waves and myogenic programs during Xenopus embryonic myogenesis. 2012, Pubmed , Xenbase
Diao, Pax3/7BP is a Pax7- and Pax3-binding protein that regulates the proliferation of muscle precursor cells by an epigenetic mechanism. 2012, Pubmed
Diehl, Extraocular muscle morphogenesis and gene expression are regulated by Pitx2 gene dose. 2006, Pubmed
Dietrich, Control of dorsoventral pattern in the chick paraxial mesoderm. 1997, Pubmed
Dietrich, Specification of the hypaxial musculature. 1998, Pubmed
Dietrich, The role of SF/HGF and c-Met in the development of skeletal muscle. 1999, Pubmed
Dong, Pitx2 promotes development of splanchnic mesoderm-derived branchiomeric muscle. 2006, Pubmed
Emery, The muscular dystrophies. 2002, Pubmed
Evans, A mitochondrial DNA phylogeny of African clawed frogs: phylogeography and implications for polyploid evolution. 2004, Pubmed , Xenbase
Evans, Genome evolution and speciation genetics of clawed frogs (Xenopus and Silurana). 2008, Pubmed , Xenbase
Gans, Neural crest and the origin of vertebrates: a new head. 2010, Pubmed
Garbern, Cardiac stem cell therapy and the promise of heart regeneration. 2013, Pubmed
Garg, Tbx1, a DiGeorge syndrome candidate gene, is regulated by sonic hedgehog during pharyngeal arch development. 2001, Pubmed
Gianakopoulos, MyoD directly up-regulates premyogenic mesoderm factors during induction of skeletal myogenesis in stem cells. 2011, Pubmed
Gillis, A stem-deuterostome origin of the vertebrate pharyngeal transcriptional network. 2011, Pubmed
Goulding, Signals from the notochord and floor plate regulate the region-specific expression of two Pax genes in the developing spinal cord. 1993, Pubmed
Grifone, Six1 and Six4 homeoproteins are required for Pax3 and Mrf expression during myogenesis in the mouse embryo. 2005, Pubmed
Grifone, Eya1 and Eya2 proteins are required for hypaxial somitic myogenesis in the mouse embryo. 2007, Pubmed
Gros, A common somitic origin for embryonic muscle progenitors and satellite cells. 2005, Pubmed
Guille, Microinjection into Xenopus oocytes and embryos. 1999, Pubmed , Xenbase
Gurdon, Methods for nuclear transplantation in amphibia. 1977, Pubmed
HAMBURGER, A series of normal stages in the development of the chick embryo. 1951, Pubmed
Hammond, Signals and myogenic regulatory factors restrict pax3 and pax7 expression to dermomyotome-like tissue in zebrafish. 2007, Pubmed
Harel, Distinct origins and genetic programs of head muscle satellite cells. 2009, Pubmed
Harland, In situ hybridization: an improved whole-mount method for Xenopus embryos. 1992, Pubmed , Xenbase
Heanue, Synergistic regulation of vertebrate muscle development by Dach2, Eya2, and Six1, homologs of genes required for Drosophila eye formation. 2000, Pubmed
Hebert, The role of Pitx2 in maintaining the phenotype of myogenic precursor cells in the extraocular muscles. 2013, Pubmed
Hinits, Differential requirements for myogenic regulatory factors distinguish medial and lateral somitic, cranial and fin muscle fibre populations. 2009, Pubmed
Holland, AmphiPax3/7, an amphioxus paired box gene: insights into chordate myogenesis, neurogenesis, and the possible evolutionary precursor of definitive vertebrate neural crest. 2001, Pubmed
Holland, Gene duplications and the origins of vertebrate development. 1995, Pubmed
Hughes, Evolution of duplicate genes in a tetraploid animal, Xenopus laevis. 1994, Pubmed , Xenbase
Hutcheson, Embryonic and fetal limb myogenic cells are derived from developmentally distinct progenitors and have different requirements for beta-catenin. 2009, Pubmed
Jostes, The murine paired box gene, Pax7, is expressed specifically during the development of the nervous and muscular system. 1991, Pubmed , Xenbase
Kanisicak, Progenitors of skeletal muscle satellite cells express the muscle determination gene, MyoD. 2009, Pubmed
Kassar-Duchossoy, Pax3/Pax7 mark a novel population of primitive myogenic cells during development. 2005, Pubmed
Kawabe, Carm1 regulates Pax7 transcriptional activity through MLL1/2 recruitment during asymmetric satellite stem cell divisions. 2012, Pubmed
Kelly, The del22q11.2 candidate gene Tbx1 regulates branchiomeric myogenesis. 2004, Pubmed
Kimmel, Stages of embryonic development of the zebrafish. 1996, Pubmed , Xenbase
Kitamura, Mouse Pitx2 deficiency leads to anomalies of the ventral body wall, heart, extra- and periocular mesoderm and right pulmonary isomerism. 2000, Pubmed
Kragl, Cells keep a memory of their tissue origin during axolotl limb regeneration. 2009, Pubmed
Kusakabe, Expression and interaction of muscle-related genes in the lamprey imply the evolutionary scenario for vertebrate skeletal muscle, in association with the acquisition of the neck and fins. 2011, Pubmed
Lepper, Adult satellite cells and embryonic muscle progenitors have distinct genetic requirements. 2009, Pubmed
Lin, Myogenic regulatory factors Myf5 and Myod function distinctly during craniofacial myogenesis of zebrafish. 2006, Pubmed
Lours, The dissociation of the Fgf-feedback loop controls the limbless state of the neck. 2005, Pubmed
Lu, Control of facial muscle development by MyoR and capsulin. 2002, Pubmed
Maczkowiak, The Pax3 and Pax7 paralogs cooperate in neural and neural crest patterning using distinct molecular mechanisms, in Xenopus laevis embryos. 2010, Pubmed , Xenbase
Mahadevan, Developmental expression of the amphioxus Tbx1/ 10 gene illuminates the evolution of vertebrate branchial arches and sclerotome. 2004, Pubmed
Moncaut, Musculin and TCF21 coordinate the maintenance of myogenic regulatory factor expression levels during mouse craniofacial development. 2012, Pubmed
Mootoosamy, Distinct regulatory cascades for head and trunk myogenesis. 2002, Pubmed
Mourikis, Distinct contextual roles for Notch signalling in skeletal muscle stem cells. 2014, Pubmed
Mourikis, Cell-autonomous Notch activity maintains the temporal specification potential of skeletal muscle stem cells. 2012, Pubmed
Müller, Evolutionary aspects of developmentally regulated helix-loop-helix transcription factors in striated muscle of jellyfish. 2003, Pubmed
Noden, The differentiation and morphogenesis of craniofacial muscles. 2006, Pubmed
Noden, Differentiation of avian craniofacial muscles: I. Patterns of early regulatory gene expression and myosin heavy chain synthesis. 1999, Pubmed
Noden, The embryonic origins of avian cephalic and cervical muscles and associated connective tissues. 1984, Pubmed
Ohno, Evolution from fish to mammals by gene duplication. 1968, Pubmed
Ono, Muscle satellite cells are a functionally heterogeneous population in both somite-derived and branchiomeric muscles. 2009, Pubmed
Pajcini, Transient inactivation of Rb and ARF yields regenerative cells from postmitotic mammalian muscle. 2010, Pubmed
Penn, A MyoD-generated feed-forward circuit temporally patterns gene expression during skeletal muscle differentiation. 2004, Pubmed
Postlethwait, The zebrafish genome in context: ohnologs gone missing. 2007, Pubmed
Razy-Krajka, Collier/OLF/EBF-dependent transcriptional dynamics control pharyngeal muscle specification from primed cardiopharyngeal progenitors. 2014, Pubmed
Relaix, Pax3 and Pax7 have distinct and overlapping functions in adult muscle progenitor cells. 2006, Pubmed
Relaix, Six homeoproteins directly activate Myod expression in the gene regulatory networks that control early myogenesis. 2013, Pubmed
Relaix, A Pax3/Pax7-dependent population of skeletal muscle progenitor cells. 2005, Pubmed
Relaix, Satellite cells are essential for skeletal muscle regeneration: the cell on the edge returns centre stage. 2012, Pubmed
Rosenberg, A potential role of R-cadherin in striated muscle formation. 1997, Pubmed
Sambasivan, Embryonic founders of adult muscle stem cells are primed by the determination gene Mrf4. 2013, Pubmed
Sambasivan, An eye on the head: the development and evolution of craniofacial muscles. 2011, Pubmed
Sambasivan, Distinct regulatory cascades govern extraocular and pharyngeal arch muscle progenitor cell fates. 2009, Pubmed
Schienda, Somitic origin of limb muscle satellite and side population cells. 2006, Pubmed
Schilling, Musculoskeletal patterning in the pharyngeal segments of the zebrafish embryo. 1997, Pubmed
Schmidt, Cranial muscles in amphibians: development, novelties and the role of cranial neural crest cells. 2012, Pubmed , Xenbase
Schuster-Gossler, Premature myogenic differentiation and depletion of progenitor cells cause severe muscle hypotrophy in Delta1 mutants. 2007, Pubmed
Seale, Pax7 is required for the specification of myogenic satellite cells. 2000, Pubmed
Seo, The zebrafish Pax3 and Pax7 homologues are highly conserved, encode multiple isoforms and show dynamic segment-like expression in the developing brain. 1998, Pubmed
Shimizu, Peduncle of Hydra and the heart of higher organisms share a common ancestral origin. 2003, Pubmed
Somorjai, Vertebrate-like regeneration in the invertebrate chordate amphioxus. 2012, Pubmed
Steinmetz, Independent evolution of striated muscles in cnidarians and bilaterians. 2012, Pubmed
Stolfi, Early chordate origins of the vertebrate second heart field. 2010, Pubmed , Xenbase
Summerbell, Expression of the myogenic regulatory factor Mrf4 precedes or is contemporaneous with that of Myf5 in the somitic bud. 2002, Pubmed
Takahashi, The role of Alx-4 in the establishment of anteroposterior polarity during vertebrate limb development. 1999, Pubmed , Xenbase
Thisse, High-resolution in situ hybridization to whole-mount zebrafish embryos. 2008, Pubmed
Troy, Coordination of satellite cell activation and self-renewal by Par-complex-dependent asymmetric activation of p38α/β MAPK. 2012, Pubmed
Vasyutina, RBP-J (Rbpsuh) is essential to maintain muscle progenitor cells and to generate satellite cells. 2007, Pubmed
Wang, NK4 antagonizes Tbx1/10 to promote cardiac versus pharyngeal muscle fate in the ascidian second heart field. 2013, Pubmed
Weintraub, Activation of muscle-specific genes in pigment, nerve, fat, liver, and fibroblast cell lines by forced expression of MyoD. 1989, Pubmed
Wilson-Rawls, Differential regulation of epaxial and hypaxial muscle development by paraxis. 2000, Pubmed
Wood, MyoD-expressing progenitors are essential for skeletal myogenesis and satellite cell development. 2013, Pubmed
Yamamoto, A multifunctional reporter mouse line for Cre- and FLP-dependent lineage analysis. 2009, Pubmed
Yoshida, Cell heterogeneity upon myogenic differentiation: down-regulation of MyoD and Myf-5 generates 'reserve cells'. 1998, Pubmed
Yoshioka, Pitx2, a bicoid-type homeobox gene, is involved in a lefty-signaling pathway in determination of left-right asymmetry. 1998, Pubmed
Zacharias, Pitx2 is an upstream activator of extraocular myogenesis and survival. 2011, Pubmed
Ziermann, Patterns of spatial and temporal cranial muscle development in the African clawed frog, Xenopus laevis (Anura: Pipidae). 2007, Pubmed , Xenbase
von Maltzahn, Pax7 is critical for the normal function of satellite cells in adult skeletal muscle. 2013, Pubmed
von Scheven, Protein and genomic organisation of vertebrate MyoR and Capsulin genes and their expression during avian development. 2006, Pubmed
Šošić, Regulation of paraxis expression and somite formation by ectoderm- and neural tube-derived signals. 1997, Pubmed