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During primitive hematopoiesis in Xenopus, cebpa and spib expressing myeloid cells emerge from the anterior ventral blood island. Primitive myeloid cells migrate throughout the embryo and are critical for immunity, healing, and development. Although definitive hematopoiesis has been studied extensively, molecular mechanisms leading to the migration of primitive myelocytes remain poorly understood. We hypothesized these cells have specific extracellular matrix modifying and cell motility gene expression. In situ hybridization screens of transcripts expressed in Xenopus foregutmesendoderm at stage 23 identified seven genes with restricted expression in primitive myeloid cells: destrin; coronin actin binding protein, 1a; formin-like 1; ADAM metallopeptidase domain 28; cathepsin S; tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1; and protein tyrosine phosphatase nonreceptor 6. A detailed in situ hybridization analysis revealed these genes are initially expressed in the aVBI but become dispersed throughout the embryo as the primitive myeloid cells become migratory, similar to known myeloid markers. Morpholino-mediated loss-of-function and mRNA-mediated gain-of-function studies revealed the identified genes are downstream of Spib.a and Cebpa, key transcriptional regulators of the myeloid lineage. We have identified genes specifically expressed in migratory primitive myeloid progenitors, providing tools to study how different gene networks operate in these primitive myelocytes during development and immunity.
Figure 1. Stage 15, 19, 24, and 28 expression of identified genes progress from anteriorventralblood island to dispersed distribution. They are temporally downstream of transcriptional regulators spib.a (A–A‴) but coincident with other, later expressing myeloid functional genes like mmp7 (B–B‴). C–C‴, adam28. D–D‴, coro1a. E–E‴, ctss. F–F‴, dstn. G–G‴, fmnl1. H–H‴, ptpn6. I–I‴, timp-1. White scale bar = 1 mm.
Figure 2. Sequential double in situ hybridization reveals target gene expression corresponds with increased myeloid cell motility. A: Stage 22 inner view. A′, spib.a only (BCIP blue) initial in situ. A′: follow-up image after second probe for destrin reveals significant overlap of two genes. B–B′: outer view of same embryo. C and D, increased motility in destrin-expressing cells compared with spib.a-expressing cells (C′ and D′, ventral views).
Figure 3. Knockdown of primitive myeloid lineage spib.a transcription factor results in loss of myeloid gene candidate expression in the anteriorventralblood island (aVBI) of stage 23 embryos. A–J: Normal expression of genes in the aVBI of uninjected control embryos. A′–J′: Reduced aVBI expression of genes in the embryos injected dorsally at 4-cell stage with 40 ng e1i1 spib.a morpholino. A+A′, spib.a. B+B′, mpo. C+C′, mmp7. D+D′, adam28. E+E′, coro1a. F+F′, ctss. G+G′, dstn. H+H′, fmnl1. I+I′, timp-1. J+J′, ptpn6.
Figure 5. cebpa animal cap Einsteck rescue of dstn (A–C) and coro1a (D–F) expression spib.a-MO myeloid-depleted host embryos (Stage 21 ventral views). A,D: uninjected control embryos. B,E: spib.a-MO myeloid depleted host embryos. C,F: cebpa animal cap transplanted by means of Einsteck into stage 10 blastocoeles of myeloid-depleted hosts.Download figure to PowerPoint
adam28 (ADAM metallopeptidase domain 28) gene expression in Xenopus laevis embryo, assayed via in situ hybridization, NF stage 24, ventral view, anterior left
coro1a (coronin, actin binding protein, 1A ) gene expression in Xenopus laevis embryo, assayed via in situ hybridization, NF stage 24, ventral view, anteriorleft.
ctss-a (cathepsin S) gene expression in Xenopus laevis embryo, assayed via in situ hybridization, NF stage 24, ventral view, anteriorleft.
dstn (destrin) gene expression in Xenopus laevis embryo, assayed via in situ hybridization, NF stage 24, ventral view, anteriorleft.
fmnl1 (formin like 1) gene expression in Xenopus laevis embryo, assayed via in situ hybridization, NF stage 24, ventral view, anteriorleft.
timp-1 (tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1) gene expression in Xenopus laevis embryo, assayed via in situ hybridization, NF stage 24, ventral view, anteriorleft.
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