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PLoS One
2016 Jan 01;111:e0146773. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0146773.
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Engineering Yarrowia lipolytica for Campesterol Overproduction.
Du HX
,
Xiao WH
,
Wang Y
,
Zhou X
,
Zhang Y
,
Liu D
,
Yuan YJ
.
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Campesterol is an important precursor for many sterol drugs, e.g. progesterone and hydrocortisone. In order to produce campesterol in Yarrowia lipolytica, C-22 desaturase encoding gene ERG5 was disrupted and the heterologous 7-dehydrocholesterol reductase (DHCR7) encoding gene was constitutively expressed. The codon-optimized DHCR7 from Rallus norvegicus, Oryza saliva and Xenapus laevis were explored and the strain with the gene DHCR7 from X. laevis achieved the highest titer of campesterol due to D409 in substrate binding sites. In presence of glucose as the carbon source, higher biomass conversion yield and product yield were achieved in shake flask compared to that using glycerol and sunflower seed oil. Nevertheless, better cell growth rate was observed in medium with sunflower seed oil as the sole carbon source. Through high cell density fed-batch fermentation under carbon source restriction strategy, a titer of 453±24.7 mg/L campesterol was achieved with sunflower seed oil as the carbon source, which is the highest reported microbial titer known. Our study has greatly enhanced campesterol accumulation in Y. lipolytica, providing new insight into producing complex and desired molecules in microbes.
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26751680
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Fig 1. Overview of campesterol biosynthesis pathway and the corresponding genetic modification in Y. lipolytica.(a) Overview of campesterol biosynthesis pathway in Y. lipolytica. Campesterol was produced via expression of DHCR7 and disruption of ERG5 based on the ergosterol synthesis pathway in Y. lipolytica. Acetyl-CoA, the precursor of campesterol, is provided either by glycolysis from hydrophilic carbon sources (i.e. glucose and glycerol), or by β-oxidization from hydrophobic materials (e.g. oil). Meanwhile, acetyl-CoA from either hydrophilic or hydrophobic substrates can also generate cellular fatty acids and subsequently triacylglycerols (TAG), consisting of the de novo and the ex novo lipid accumulation process in Y. lipolytica respectively. (b) The method for expression of DHCR7 and disruption of ERG5 at the same time. The middle section of gene ERG5 was replaced by the DHCR7 expression cassette (URA3-EXP1p-DHCR7-XPR2t) in chromosome A. (c) GC-TOF/MS profile of the wild-type Y. lipolytica. ATCC 201249 and campesterol producing strain SyBE_Yl1070030. Wild-type strain (blue) showed an ergosterol peak at 21 min, while Y. lipolytica SyBE_Yl1070028 (red) showed a campesterol peak at 21.7 min.
Fig 2. Campesterol production in strains with DHCR7 from different species.Y. lipolytica strains with DHCR7 from X. laevis, O. saliva and R. norvegicus were named as SyBE_Yl1070028, SyBE_Yl1070029 and SyBE_Yl1070030 respectively. The amount of campesterol produced by these three strains was measured after 120 h shake flask culture in YPD medium.
Fig 3. Sequences and architecture differences among DHCR7 from X. laevis, O. saliva and R. norvegicus.(a) Overview the structure model of DHCR7 from X. laevis. NADPH (blue) was docked into the NADPH pocket and ergosta-5,7-dienol (yellow) modelled into the substrate binding pocket in the DHCR7 structure. The pocket for substrate binding was enlarged and present below, indicating that Y278 and D409 clamp the hydroxyl of the substrate through a hydrogen-bonding network. (b) Sequences alignment of DHCR7 from X. laevis, O. saliva and R. norvegicus. The putative cholesterol hydroxyl group binding sites and cofactor NADPH binding sites were marked by red squares and blue stars, respectively. Mutations which might attribute to the lowest activity of DHCR7 from R. norvegicus were boxed with red lines. (c) Campesterol production in Y. lipolytica strains with wild-type and mutated X. laevis DHCR7 (named as SyBE_Yl1070028 and SyBE_Yl1070031 respectively). The campesterol production for these strains was measured after 120 h shake flask culture in YPD medium.
Fig 4. Shake flask cultivation with different carbon sources.(a) Cells growth for Y. lipolytica strain SyBE_Yl1070028 with glucose, glycerol and sunflower seed oil as the carbon source. (b) Substrate (glucose, glycerol and sunflower oil) consumed by strain SyBE_Yl1070028. (c) The final campersterol titers produced by strain SyBE_Yl1070028 with glucose, glycerol and sunflower seed oil as the carbon source. (d) Cells growths specific rate (μ, h-1), biomass conversion yield (YX/S) and campesterol production yield (YP/S) for strain SyBE_Yl1070028 with different carbon source. μ is determined as ln(X/X0)/ (t-t0), where X is for total biomass (g/L) and t is for time (h). Meanwhile, YX/S represents the yield of total biomass produced per unit of substrate consumed and YP/S represents the yield of product formed per unit of substrate consumed.
Fig 5. Bioreactor fermentation with different carbon sources.Campesterol producing strain SyBE_Yl1070028 was fed-batch cultured in glucose (a) or in sunflower seed oil (b) with carbon source restriction strategy. YX/S (yield of total biomass produced per unit of substrate consumed) and YP/S (yield of product formed per unit of substrate consumed) for fed-batch bioreactor cultures were compared with those from the shake-flask experiments (c).
Fig 6. Lipid accumulation in Y. lipolytica strain SyBE_Yl1070028 cultured with different carbon sources.(a) The morphology and the lipid body (indicated by arrows) of the engineered Y. lipolytica strain in shake flask cultivation with glucose, glycerol and sunflower seed oil as the carbon source. (b) The lipid accumulation on the dry cell weight (DCW) basis for the shake flask trials.
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