Stephan G , Huang L , Tang Y , Vilotti S , Fabbretti E , Yu Y , Nörenberg W , Franke H , Gölöncsér F , Sperlágh B , Dopychai A , Hausmann R , Schmalzing G , Rubini P , Illes P .

	Fig. 1. Concentration–response curves for agonists at various ASICs and P2X3Rs expressed in CHO cells. a–c Whole-cell patch-clamp recordings of proton and α,β-meATP-induced currents. Both types of agonists were applied at the indicated increasing concentrations for 2 s onto CHO cells transfected with rASIC3 (a, upper panel) or rP2X3 (a, lower panel). The intervals between individual applications were kept at 2 min (protons) or 5 min (α,β-meATP) in order to avoid the decrease of the subsequent current amplitudes by desensitization. Drug application procedures in this and all subsequent panels of this figure were identical. CHO cells expressing rASIC3 (b) or rP2X3 (c) were treated with amiloride (AMI; 10 µM) or A-31749 (10 µM) while constructing concentration–response curves. In this and all subsequent panels of this figure, means ± S.E.M. of the indicated number of experiments are shown. Broken lines represent curves obtained in response to agonist application to CHO cells containing ASIC3 or P2X3Rs only, in the absence of any additional drug. d–f CHO cells were transfected with rASIC3 and rP2X3 cDNA in a 1:1 ratio. Whole-cell patch-clamp recordings of proton and α,β-meATP-induced currents. Cells were treated with amiloride (10 µM) or A-31749 (10 µM) while constructing pH- or concentration–response curves. g–i CHO cells were transfected with hASIC3 alone or together with hP2X3 cDNA in a 1:1 ratio. Whole-cell patch-clamp recordings of proton and α,β-meATP-induced currents. Cells were treated with A-31749 (10 µM) while constructing pH- or concentration–response curves. j–l CHO cells were transfected with rASIC1a or rASIC2a alone or together with rP2X3 cDNA in a 1:1 ratio. Whole-cell patch-clamp recordings of proton-induced currents through rASIC1a (j, upper panel, k) or rASIC2a (j, lower panel, l)-containing receptors. The holding potential was −65 mV in all experiments. *P < 0.05; statistically significant difference of the Imean values from the respective curves designated by broken lines at the highest agonist concentrations (one-way ANOVA followed by the Holm–Sidak test, or Student’s t-test, as appropriate). The scale labels for the vertical bars were 10 nA (a, upper panel), 2 nA (a, lower panel), 2 nA (d), 500 pA (g), 2 nA (j, upper panel) and 10 nA (j, lower panel). The scale labels for the horizontal bars were 20 s (a, d, g, j)
	Fig. 2. Interaction between rASIC3 and rP2X3Rs after their transfection into CHO cells. CHO cells were transfected with rASIC3 and rP2X3Rs in a 1:1 ratio or transfected only with rP2X3R as indicated. Whole-cell patch-clamp recordings at a holding potential of −65 mV. a–c Interaction between rASIC3 and rP2X3Rs on their sequential activation by agonists. Current responses were elicited by α,β-meATP (10 or 100 µM) for 2 s with 5 min intervals before, during and after a shift in pH from 7.4 to 6.7 or 6.5. The reproducibility of the responses to α,β-meATP after changing to a solution with the same pH of 7.4 is also shown. d, f No effect of protons on rP2X3Rs. Current responses were elicited by α,β-meATP (10 µM) for 2 s with 5 min intervals before, during and after a shift in pH from 7.4 to 6.5. e, g No effect of α,β-meATP (10 and 30 µM) on the proton-induced inward current on the sequential activation of rP2X3 and rASIC3Rs. Stable responses to pH 6.5 in the absence of α,β-meATP is also shown. Percentage changes of α,β-meATP (10 and 100 µM)-induced current responses were calculated with respect to the second current before the pH shift to 6.7 or 6.5 (b, c, f). Percentage changes of proton (pH 6.5)-induced current responses were calculated with respect to the second current amplitude before the application of α,β-meATP (0, 10 and 30 µM) (g). Means ± S.E.M. of the indicated number of experiments. *P < 0.05; statistically significant difference between the current amplitudes before and after the long-lasting shift in pH or the long-lasting presence of α,β-meATP (one-way ANOVA followed by the Bonferroni test). The scale labels for the vertical bars were 500 pA (a) and 2 nA (d, e). The scale labels for the horizontal bars were 50 s (a, d, e)
	Fig. 3. Interaction between various ASICs and P2X3Rs after their transfection into CHO cells. CHO cells were transfected with various ASICs and P2X3Rs in a 1:1 ratio or transfected only with rP2X3R or rASIC3, as indicated. Whole-cell patch-clamp recordings at a holding potential of −65 mV. a, b Interaction between hASIC3 and hP2X3Rs on their simultaneous activation. Interaction between rASIC1a (c) or rASIC2a (d) with rP2X3Rs on their simultaneous activation. The drug application and evaluation protocols were like those used in Fig. 2a–g. Means ± S.E.M. of the indicated number of experiments. *P < 0.05; statistically significant difference between the current amplitudes before and after the shift in pH. §P < 0.05; statistically significant difference between the pH-induced inhibition of the current amplitudes at pH 4.0 and 3.5 (one-way ANOVA followed by the Bonferroni test in both cases). e Current responses were elicited in CHO-rASIC3/rP2X3R cells by α,β-meATP (10 µM) before, during and after the application of GMQ. f Means ± S.E.M. percentage changes of the α,β-meATP-induced current responses were calculated with respect to the second current amplitude before GMQ application. g Inhibition of current responses to α,β-meATP in CHO-rP2X3R cells. h Means ± S.E.M. percentage inhibition in the indicated number of experiments as shown in (g). i No change of the GMQ (1 mM)-induced current in the presence of α,β-meATP (10 µM) in CHO-rASIC3 cells. j Means ± S.E.M. percentage change in the indicated number of experiments as shown in (i). *P < 0.05; statistically significant difference from the α,β-meATP-induced current amplitudes before GMQ application (one-way ANOVA followed by the Bonferroni or Mann–Whitney test, as appropriate). The scale labels for the vertical bars were 2 nA (a, g, i) and 1 nA (e). The scale labels for the horizontal bars were 50 s (a, e, g, i)
	Fig. 4. Changes in the Ca2+ concentration modify rASIC3 and rP2X3R currents in CHO cells. Whole-cell patch-clamp recordings at a holding potential of −65 mV. a, b Concentration–response curves for protons in CHO cells transfected with rASIC3. a Inhibitory effect of an increase or decrease of the Ca2+ concentration in the external medium ([Ca2+]o). b Inhibitory effect of an increase or decrease of the free Ca2+ concentration in the patch pipette solution ([Ca2+]i). c, d Concentration-response curves for α,β-meATP in CHO cells transfected with rP2X3. c No effect of changes in [Ca2+]o. d No effect of changes in [Ca2+]i. Means ± S.E.M. of the indicated number of experiments. *P < 0.05; statistically significant difference of the Imean values at the highest agonist concentration (one-way ANOVA followed by the Holm–Sidak test). e, f CHO cells transfected with both rASIC3 and rP2X3 in a 1:1 ratio. Modulation of the unilateral interaction between rASIC3 and rP2X3Rs, by changes in [Ca2+]o (e) and [Ca2+]i (f); the experimental protocol is identical to that shown in Fig. 2a. *P < 0.05; statistically significant difference from the current amplitudes measured in normal extra- and intracellular Ca2+. §P < 0.05; statistically significant difference between currents at pH 6.7 or 6.5 at different Ca2+ concentrations (one-way ANOVA followed by the Bonferroni test). Concentration–response relationships for protons (g) and α,β-meATP (h) in CHO-rASIC3/rP2X3R cells, in the absence and presence of J-8 (30 µM). Means ± S.E.M. of the indicated number of experiments. *P < 0.05; statistically significant difference between the Imean values at the highest agonist concentration (Student’s t-test). i Potentiation of the α,β-meATP (30 µM) current by co-application with a J-8 (30 µM)-containing, low pH (6.5) external medium, but inhibition in the absence of J-8 by acidification; representative tracings. j Percentage changes of α,β-meATP-induced current responses were calculated with respect to the second current amplitude before the pH shift. Means ± S.E.M. of the indicated number of experiments. *P < 0.05; statistically significant difference between the current amplitudes before and after the pH shift from 7.4 to 6.5 in the presence of J-8. §P < 0.05; statistically significant difference between current amplitudes at pH 6.5 in the presence or absence of J-8 (Mann–Whitney test). The scale labels for the vertical and horizontal bars in (i) were 1 nA and 50 s, respectively
	Fig. 5. Switch of reversal potentials between co-expressed rASIC3 and rP2X3Rs in CHO cells. Whole-cell patch-clamp recordings at a holding potential of −65 mV. a Current traces induced by protons (pH 6.5) and α,β-meATP (10 µM) applied individually onto CHO-rASIC3 (left panel) and CHO-rP2X3R cells (middle panel) or successively onto CHO-rASIC3/P2X3 cells (right panel). Agonist application was at holding potentials which increased stepwise from −60 to + 90 mV in 30 mV increments. Current–voltage relationships were constructed from recordings similar to those shown in (a) in order to determine the reversal potentials (Erev) (b). Means ± S.E.M. of the indicated number of experiments. c Measurement of Erev of protons (left panel) and of α,β-meATP (right panel) by a similar protocol as shown in (a) on separate populations of CHO-rASIC3/rP2X3R cells. Under these conditions, the Erev values of these two agonists were interchanged. Current–voltage relationships constructed from recordings similar to those shown in (c) in order to determine the Erev (d). Means ± S.E.M. of the indicated number of experiments. Blockade of ASIC3 channel activity by the selective antagonist APETx2 (0.1 µM) shifted the Erev of α,β-meATP back near to its original value of around 0 mV. e In CHO-rASIC3/rP2X3R cells, ramps of 200 mV duration (−90 to  +90 mV) were delivered at a holding potential of −65 mV to determine the Erev of ASIC3 after a drop of the normal pH from 7.4 to 6.5. Then, a high concentration of α,β-meATP (100 µM) was applied in order to change the distribution of extra- and intracellular ions. Eventually, the Erev was re-determined after washing out α,β-meATP. Original tracing; large capacitive artifacts at the beginning and end of the ramp-induced currents were retouched. f Current–voltage curves were constructed from the indicated number of experiments similar to that shown in (e). The scale labels for the vertical bars were 2 nA (a, left panel), 1 nA (a, middle and right panels), 1 nA (c) and 500 pA (e). The scale labels for the horizontal bars were 1 s (a, c) and 2 s (e)
	Fig. 6. Effects of gate-inhibitory mutations in rP2X3Rs on rASIC3/rP2X3R function. Whole-cell patch-clamp recordings at a holding potential of −65 mV. a, b Analysis of rP2X3 double cysteine mutants with disulfide trapping. CHO cells were transfected with the cysteine mutants rP2X3 (I200C/V274C), rP2X3 (K201C/V274C) or co-transfected with rASIC3wt and rP2X3 (K201C/V274C) in a 1:1 ratio. a Current traces induced by α,β-meATP (10 µM) applied repeatedly for 2 s with 5 min intervals before, during and after the co-application of ditiothreitol (DTT; 1 mM). b Percentage changes of α,β-meATP-induced current responses were calculated with respect to the mean of the second and third currents during DTT application. Means ± S.E.M. of the indicated number of experiments. *P < 0.05; statistically significant difference between the current amplitudes during and after DTT application (Student’s t-test). c–f Concentration–response curves for protons and α,β-meATP in CHO cells co-transfected with the indicated receptors. c Effect of α,β-meATP (0.3–300 µM) on rP2X3Rwt, and rASIC3wt/rP2X3Rwt in the absence or presence of DTT. d Effect of α,β-meATP on rP2X3R (K201C/V274C) and rASIC3/rP2X3R (K201C/V274C) in the absence or presence of DTT. e Effect of protons (pH 7.0–5.5) on rASIC3wt and rASIC3wt/rP2X3Rwt in the absence or presence of DTT. f Effect of protons (pH 7.0–5.5) on rASIC3wt and rASIC3wt/rP2X3R (K201C/V274C) in the absence or presence of DTT. Means ± S.E.M. of the indicated number of experiments. *P <  0.05; statistically significant difference of the Imean values at the highest agonist concentration from the rP2X3Rwt and rASIC3wt curves, respectively (one-way ANOVA followed by the Holm–Sidak test). g Interaction between rASIC3wt and rP2X3R (K201C/V274C) in the absence and presence of DTT. Currents were elicited by α,β-meATP (10 µM) for 2 s with 5 min intervals before, during and after the pH shift from 7.4 to 6.5. h Percentage changes of α,β-meATP-induced current responses were calculated with respect to the second current before the pH shift. Means ± S.E.M. of the indicated number of experiments. *P < 0.05; statistically significant difference between the current amplitudes before and after the pH shift from 7.4 to 6.5 (Student’s t-test). The scale labels for the vertical bars were 200 pA (a, g). The scale labels for the horizontal bars were 20 s (a) and 50 s (g)
	Fig. 7. Electrophysiological interaction of native ASIC3 and P2X3Rs in rat DRG neurons. Whole-cell patch-clamp recordings at a holding potential of −65 mV. Rat cultured DRG neurons were used in all panels. Increasing concentrations of protons (pH 7.0–5.5) (a, upper panel) or α,β-meATP (0.3–300 µM) (a, lower panel) were applied in the presence of 10 µM capsazepine for 2 s with 2 min or 5 min intervals, respectively. DRG neurons were treated with APETx2 (0.1 µM; b, c) or anti-NGF (6 µg/ml for 24 h; c) while constructing concentration–response curves for protons or α,β-meATP. Means ± S.E.M. of the indicated number of experiments. *P < 0.05; statistically significant difference between the Imean values at the highest agonist concentrations (one-way ANOVA followed by the Hom–Sidak test). d Current responses were elicited by repeated applications of α,β-meATP (10 µM) for 2 s with 5 min intervals before, during and after the pH shift from 7.4 to 6.5; representative tracings. The peak of the proton-induced current was retouched in the lower panel of (d). Percentage changes of α,β-meATP-induced current responses at 10 µM (e) or 100 µM (f) were calculated with respect to the second current amplitude before the pH shift from 7.4 to 6.5. Means ± S.E.M. of the indicated number of experiments. *P < 0.05; statistically significant difference between the current amplitudes before and after the pH shift from 7.4 to 6.5 (one-way ANOVA followed by the Bonferroni test). The scale labels for the vertical bars were 500 pA (a) and 200 pA (b). The scale labels for the horizontal bars were 20 s (a) and 50 s (d)
	Fig. 8. Immunoreactivity, co-immunoprecipitation and membrane expression of rASIC3 and rP2X3Rs in rat DRG neurons. a ASIC3 and P2X3R immunoreactivities in rat DRG neurons cultured in the presence (upper panel) or absence (lower panel) of nerve growth factor (NGF). Hoechst (Hoe) was used to stain the cell nuclei. b Examples of immunoprecipitation (IP) of DTSSP-treated extracts of primary sensory neurons with P2X3 antibodies revealed in western blots (WB) with anti-ASIC3 antibodies. Incubation of neuronal cultures at pH 6.8 or 7.5 has no effect. ASIC3 signal is not found after immunoprecipitation with unrelated antibodies (IgG). Input ASIC3 and P2X3 contents in total extracts are also shown. β-Actin is used as gel loading control. c Examples of immunoprecipitation of P2X3 receptors (P2X3, upper panel) with ASIC3 channels in control conditions (scramble) and after P2X3 receptor silencing (siP2X3). No P2X3/ASIC3 signal was found after siP2X3 treatment. Western blot with anti-ASIC1 or anti-ASIC2 antibodies gave no signal. Pull down with unrelated antibody (IgG) gave no signal. Quality of input lysates and equal gel loading is shown (lower panel, total lysates). d Surface expression of P2X3Rs. Example of membrane protein biotinylation experiments in CHO cells transfected with plasmids encoding for ASIC3 alone or ASIC3 plus P2X3Rs (upper panel, surface). Quality of total protein extracts and controls for equal gel loading are also shown (bottom panel, total lysates). The scale labels in the right upper and lower panels of (a) were 20 µm
	Fig. 9. Plasma membrane expression and oligomeric assembly of rASIC3 and rP2X3R subunits in oocytes. For biochemical analysis, Xenopus (X.) laevis oocytes expressing the indicated proteins were surface labeled with the membrane-impermeant fluorescent Cy5 dye before protein purification. The indicated proteins were purified under non-denaturing conditions from X. laevis oocytes by Ni2+-NTA chromatography or Strep-Tactin chromatography, as indicated, resolved by SDS-PAGE (a) or BN-PAGE (b), and visualized by Typhoon fluorescence scanning. a Overlay of the Cy5-labeled surface form (red) of the His-rASIC3-EGFP and His-rP2X3-StrepII protomers and the GFP fluorescence (green) of the His-rASIC3-EGFP protomer. The positions of molecular mass markers (in kDa) are shown on the left. b Overlay of GFP and Cy5 fluorescence of the homomeric His-rASIC3-EGFP (lanes 1–4) and homotrimeric His-rP2X3-StrepII (lanes 15–18) and the co-expressed His-rASIC3-EGFP and His-rP2X3-StrepII receptor subunits (lanes 5–14) in their native or partial SDS-denatured forms isolated by Ni2+-NTA (lanes 3–6, 10, 11, 15, 16) or Strep-Tactin (lanes 7–9, 12–14, 17, 18) chromatography as indicated. Co-expression of rASIC3 and rP2X3 (lanes 5–14) originates from the co-injection of the His-rASIC3-EGFP and His-rP2X3-StrepII subunit in cRNA ratios as indicated. The number of protomers included in the respective bands are exemplarily indicated. The inset shows the indicated section of the gel with enhanced GFP fluorescence to enable the visibility of the ASIC3 trimer. The schematics and labeling on the left or right margins indicate the numbers of rASIC3 or rP2X3 protomers incorporated in the respective trimeric (bold) or dimeric or monomeric protein band of the rASIC3 or rP2X3 receptor complexes, respectively
	Fig. 10. The effect of normal and pH-adjusted PBS solution and α,β-meATP on mechanical hyperalgesia in rats. a Time–response curves of the effect of intraplantar (i.pl.) phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) or α,β-meATP (50 nmol) dissolved in PBS injected into the right hind paw at a volume of 100 µl/paw on the baseline mechanical paw withdrawal threshold (PWT). Each point represents mean ± S.E.M. of the PWT in pressure as a percentage of baseline % applied to the hind paw before (pre) and after PBS/α,β-meATP administration, obtained from the indicated number of rats. α,β-meATP decreased PWT both pH and time dependently post injection (repeated measures ANOVA time × treatment effect F1,38 = 1.760, P < 0.00001). The changes from baseline PWT were at pH 7.4, 16.5% (P = 0.0026, n = 6), at pH 7.0, 25.6% (P = 0.001, n = 6), at pH 6.5, 33.3% (P < 0.001, n = 6, one-way ANOVA followed by the Dunnett test) at 1 h. For the sake of clarity, statistical significance is not indicated in the figure. b Dose-dependent effect of α,β-meATP on mechanical hyperalgesia at pH 7.0. §P < 0.05; statistically significant difference vs. baseline; *P < 0.05; statistically significant difference vs. PBS. Results were analyzed by repeated measures ANOVA, followed by Neuman–Keuls test, n = 6–10 animals per group. c The effect of acidification on α,β-meATP-induced hyperalgesia. PWT values were normalized to the response obtained by 50 mM α,β-meATP at pH 7.4. *P < 0.05; statistically significant difference from the 100%. Results were analyzed by one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey test, n = 6 animals per group

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