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BMC Plant Biol
2019 Jan 03;191:2. doi: 10.1186/s12870-018-1602-0.
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Dual RNA-seq analysis provides new insights into interactions between Norway spruce and necrotrophic pathogen Heterobasidion annosum s.l.
Kovalchuk A
,
Zeng Z
,
Ghimire RP
,
Kivimäenpää M
,
Raffaello T
,
Liu M
,
Mukrimin M
,
Kasanen R
,
Sun H
,
Julkunen-Tiitto R
,
Holopainen JK
,
Asiegbu FO
.
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BACKGROUND: Root and butt rot of conifer trees caused by fungi belonging to the Heterobasidion annosum species complex is one of the most economically important fungal diseases in commercial conifer plantations throughout the Northern hemisphere. We investigated the interactions between Heterobasidion fungi and their host by conducting dual RNA-seq and chemical analysis on Norway spruce trees naturally infected by Heterobasidion spp. We analyzed host and pathogen transcriptome and phenolic and terpenoid contents of the spruce trees.
RESULTS: Presented results emphasize the role of the phenylpropanoid and flavonoid pathways in the chemical defense of Norway spruce trees. Accumulation of lignans was observed in trees displaying symptoms of wood decay. A number of candidate genes with a predicted role in the higher level regulation of spruce defense responses were identified. Our data indicate a possible role of abscisic acid (ABA) signaling in the spruce defense against Heterobasidion infection. Fungal transcripts corresponding to genes encoding carbohydrate- and lignin-degrading enzymes, secondary metabolism genes and effector-like genes were expressed during the host colonization.
CONCLUSIONS: Our results provide additional insight into defense strategies employed by Norway spruce trees against Heterobasidion infection. The potential applications of the identified candidate genes as markers for higher resistance against root and butt rot deserve further evaluation.
Fig. 1. Functional categories of Heterobasidion genes expressed during colonization of Norway spruce trees. a Pie diagram showing the most abundant functional groups of Heterobasidion in planta-expressed genes; numbers of genes assigned to each group are indicated. b GO terms in the category “Biological process” with more than 5 hits identified within Heterobasidion in planta-expressed genes. c Fifteen most abundant GO terms in the category “Molecular function” assigned to Heterobasidion in planta-expressed genes
Fig. 2. Scheme of the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway with the upstream steps of the phenypropanoid pathway and side branches leading to monolignols and stilbenoids (modified from Mellway et al. [75] and Hammerbacher et al. [44]). Components of the pathway showing higher transcript abundance in asymptomatic trees are boxed in pink, and the ones with higher abundance in symptomatic trees – in turquoise
Fig. 3. Concentrations of individual phenolic compounds in phloem (a) and xylem (b) of asymptomatic and symptomatic Norway spruce trees and total concentrations of identified phenolics in the corresponding tissues (c). Error bars represent standard errors of mean values. Compounds showing statistically significant differences in their concentrations in asymptomatic and symptomatic trees are marked with asterisks (* p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001)
Fig. 4. Principle coordinates analysis based on the concentrations of phenolic compounds detected in xylem (a) and phloem (b) of asymptomatic and symptomatic Norway spruce trees
Fig. 5. Concentrations of terpenoid compounds in phloem (a) and xylem (b) of asymptomatic and symptomatic Norway spruce trees and total concentrations of identified mono- and sesquiterpenes in the corresponding tissues (c). Error bars represent standard errors of mean values. Compounds showing statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) in their concentrations in asymptomatic and symptomatic trees are marked with an asterisk
Fig. 6. Principle component analysis of terpenoid concentrations in xylem and phloem of asymptomatic and symptomatic Norway spruce trees
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