Hachoumi L and Sillar KT (2020), Developmental stage-dependent switching in the ...

XB-ART-56461

Dev Neurobiol 2020 Jan 01;801-2:42-57. doi: 10.1002/dneu.22725.

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Developmental stage-dependent switching in the neuromodulation of vertebrate locomotor central pattern generator networks.

Hachoumi L , Sillar KT .

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Neuromodulation plays important and stage-dependent roles in regulating locomotor central pattern (CPG) outputs during vertebrate motor system development. Dopamine, serotonin and nitric oxide are three neuromodulators that potently influence CPG outputs in the development of Xenopus frog tadpole locomotion. However, their roles switch from predominantly inhibitory early in development to mainly excitatory at later stages. In this review, we compare the stage-dependent switching in neuromodulation in Xenopus with other vertebrate systems, notably the mouse and the zebrafish, and highlight features that appear to be phylogenetically conserved.

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GO keywords: swimming behavior [+]

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	Figure 1. Xenopus laevis metamorphosis. (A) In small, post-hatchling tadpoles (~stage 42 displayed; ~7mm long), high frequency swimming is generated by rhythmic tail undulations. (B) As the pre-metamorphic tadpoles get older and larger (stage 51 displayed, ~ 3cm long), these tail undulations occur at lower frequencies. (C) During pro-metamorphosis (~stage 57 displayed; ~7cm long), a functional limb CPG network begins to emerge in the spinal cord, but at the same coordination and frequency as the tail rhythm. (D) At metamorphic climax (stage 60 displayed; ~8-10 cm long), the tail and now fully functional limb CPG network co-exist within the spinal cord but can function independently from each other and at different rhythm frequencies. (E) Following the resorption of the tail after metamorphosis, the limb CPG network now provides the main locomotor drive in young adult frogs. CG = cement gland; see text for details. Note, images not to same scale. (Photos generated by KTS and LH at the University of St Andrews).