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F1000Res
2020 Jan 01;9. doi: 10.12688/f1000research.21670.1.
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Diversity of left-right symmetry breaking strategy in animals.
Hamada H
,
Tam P
.
???displayArticle.abstract??? Left-right (L-R) asymmetry of visceral organs in animals is established during embryonic development via a stepwise process. While some steps are conserved, different strategies are employed among animals for initiating the breaking of body symmetry. In zebrafish (teleost), Xenopus (amphibian), and mice (mammal), symmetry breaking is elicited by directional fluid flow at the L-R organizer, which is generated by motile cilia and sensed by mechanoresponsive cells. In contrast, birds and reptiles do not rely on the cilia-driven fluid flow. Invertebrates such as Drosophila and snails employ another distinct mechanism, where the symmetry breaking process is underpinned by cellular chirality acquired downstream of the molecular interaction of myosin and actin. Here, we highlight the convergent entry point of actomyosin interaction and planar cell polarity to the diverse L-R symmetry breaking mechanisms among animals.
Figure 1. . The molecular cascade of cilia dependent and non-dependent mechanisms leading to the asymmetric Nodal activity in the left-rightorganizer (LRO) of the vertebrate embryos.Nodal activity (red), Cerl2 activity (green). Note that both mechanisms result in asymmetric (L>R) Nodal activity at the LRO.
Figure 2. . Distinct mechanism of the specification of left-right asymmetry of organs and whole organism in
Drosophila, snails, and vertebrates.Note that different animal species use variations of the common theme (in the left-hand box) to establish L-R asymmetry. See the text for details.
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