XB-ART-53383
Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol
2015 Aug 07;712:. doi: 10.1101/cshperspect.a019067.
Show Gene links
Show Anatomy links
Intracellular Scaling Mechanisms.
Reber S
,
Goehring NW
.
???displayArticle.abstract???
Organelle function is often directly related to organelle size. However, it is not necessarily absolute size but the organelle-to-cell-size ratio that is critical. Larger cells generally have increased metabolic demands, must segregate DNA over larger distances, and require larger cytokinetic rings to divide. Thus, organelles often must scale to the size of the cell. The need for scaling is particularly acute during early development during which cell size can change rapidly. Here, we highlight scaling mechanisms for cellular structures as diverse as centrosomes, nuclei, and the mitotic spindle, and distinguish them from more general mechanisms of size control. In some cases, scaling is a consequence of the underlying mechanism of organelle size control. In others, size-control mechanisms are not obviously related to cell size, implying that scaling results indirectly from cell-size-dependent regulation of size-control mechanisms.
???displayArticle.pubmedLink??? 26254310
???displayArticle.pmcLink??? PMC4665073
???displayArticle.link??? Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol
???displayArticle.grants??? [+]
Cancer Research UK
References [+] :
Amodeo, Cell-Size Control. 2016, Pubmed , Xenbase
Bevis, De novo formation of transitional ER sites and Golgi structures in Pichia pastoris. 2002, Pubmed
Bhatia, Distinct levels in Pom1 gradients limit Cdr2 activity and localization to time and position division. 2014, Pubmed
Bhave, Golgi enlargement in Arf-depleted yeast cells is due to altered dynamics of cisternal maturation. 2014, Pubmed
Bieling, A minimal midzone protein module controls formation and length of antiparallel microtubule overlaps. 2010, Pubmed , Xenbase
Bird, Building a spindle of the correct length in human cells requires the interaction between TPX2 and Aurora A. 2008, Pubmed
Brangwynne, Germline P granules are liquid droplets that localize by controlled dissolution/condensation. 2009, Pubmed
Brangwynne, Active liquid-like behavior of nucleoli determines their size and shape in Xenopus laevis oocytes. 2011, Pubmed , Xenbase
Bullitt, The yeast spindle pole body is assembled around a central crystal of Spc42p. 1997, Pubmed
Calvert, Myosin concentration underlies cell size-dependent scalability of actomyosin ring constriction. 2011, Pubmed
Carvalho, Structural memory in the contractile ring makes the duration of cytokinesis independent of cell size. 2009, Pubmed
Castillo, A nebulin ruler does not dictate thin filament lengths. 2009, Pubmed
Chan, Organelle size scaling of the budding yeast vacuole is tuned by membrane trafficking rates. 2014, Pubmed
Chan, How cells know the size of their organelles. 2012, Pubmed
Chan, Scaling properties of cell and organelle size. 2010, Pubmed
Cheung, Adaptation of the length scale and amplitude of the Bicoid gradient profile to achieve robust patterning in abnormally large Drosophila melanogaster embryos. 2014, Pubmed
Coyne, Flagellar elongation and shortening in chlamydomonas. II. Re-utilization of flagellar proteins. 1970, Pubmed
Decker, Limiting amounts of centrosome material set centrosome size in C. elegans embryos. 2011, Pubmed
Dumont, Compression regulates mitotic spindle length by a mechanochemical switch at the poles. 2009, Pubmed
Elliott, Spc29p is a component of the Spc110p subcomplex and is essential for spindle pole body duplication. 1999, Pubmed
Feric, A nuclear F-actin scaffold stabilizes ribonucleoprotein droplets against gravity in large cells. 2013, Pubmed , Xenbase
Ferraro, A two-tier Golgi-based control of organelle size underpins the functional plasticity of endothelial cells. 2014, Pubmed
Goehring, Polarization of PAR proteins by advective triggering of a pattern-forming system. 2011, Pubmed
Goehring, Organelle growth control through limiting pools of cytoplasmic components. 2012, Pubmed
Good, Cytoplasmic volume modulates spindle size during embryogenesis. 2013, Pubmed , Xenbase
Greenan, Centrosome size sets mitotic spindle length in Caenorhabditis elegans embryos. 2010, Pubmed , Xenbase
Grimm, Modelling the Bicoid gradient. 2010, Pubmed
Gruss, Chromosome-induced microtubule assembly mediated by TPX2 is required for spindle formation in HeLa cells. 2002, Pubmed , Xenbase
Gruss, Ran induces spindle assembly by reversing the inhibitory effect of importin alpha on TPX2 activity. 2001, Pubmed , Xenbase
Gupta, Plus end-specific depolymerase activity of Kip3, a kinesin-8 protein, explains its role in positioning the yeast mitotic spindle. 2006, Pubmed
Görlich, Transport between the cell nucleus and the cytoplasm. 1999, Pubmed
Hara, Cell-size-dependent spindle elongation in the Caenorhabditis elegans early embryo. 2009, Pubmed
Hazel, Changes in cytoplasmic volume are sufficient to drive spindle scaling. 2013, Pubmed , Xenbase
He, Probing intrinsic properties of a robust morphogen gradient in Drosophila. 2008, Pubmed
Hu, The MinC component of the division site selection system in Escherichia coli interacts with FtsZ to prevent polymerization. 1999, Pubmed
Journet, The needle length of bacterial injectisomes is determined by a molecular ruler. 2003, Pubmed
Kalab, Visualization of a Ran-GTP gradient in interphase and mitotic Xenopus egg extracts. 2002, Pubmed , Xenbase
Kaláb, Analysis of a RanGTP-regulated gradient in mitotic somatic cells. 2006, Pubmed , Xenbase
Katsura, Determination of bacteriophage lambda tail length by a protein ruler. , Pubmed
Kimura, Intracellular organelles mediate cytoplasmic pulling force for centrosome centration in the Caenorhabditis elegans early embryo. 2011, Pubmed
Leduc, Molecular crowding creates traffic jams of kinesin motors on microtubules. 2012, Pubmed
Levy, Biological Scaling Problems and Solutions in Amphibians. 2015, Pubmed , Xenbase
Levy, Nuclear size is regulated by importin α and Ntf2 in Xenopus. 2010, Pubmed , Xenbase
Liu, Import oligomers induce positive feedback to promote peroxisome differentiation and control organelle abundance. 2011, Pubmed
Loughlin, Katanin contributes to interspecies spindle length scaling in Xenopus. 2011, Pubmed , Xenbase
Marshall, Flagellar length control system: testing a simple model based on intraflagellar transport and turnover. 2005, Pubmed
Marshall, Subcellular size. 2015, Pubmed , Xenbase
Martin, Polar gradients of the DYRK-family kinase Pom1 couple cell length with the cell cycle. 2009, Pubmed
Minc, Influence of cell geometry on division-plane positioning. 2011, Pubmed
Mitchison, Size Scaling of Microtubule Assemblies in Early Xenopus Embryos. 2015, Pubmed , Xenbase
Mitchison, Growth, interaction, and positioning of microtubule asters in extremely large vertebrate embryo cells. 2012, Pubmed , Xenbase
Moseley, A spatial gradient coordinates cell size and mitotic entry in fission yeast. 2009, Pubmed
Moseley, Cell division intersects with cell geometry. 2010, Pubmed
Moyes, Controlling muscle mitochondrial content. 2003, Pubmed
Nigg, The centrosome cycle: Centriole biogenesis, duplication and inherent asymmetries. 2011, Pubmed
Norrander, Transcriptional control of tektin A mRNA correlates with cilia development and length determination during sea urchin embryogenesis. 1995, Pubmed
Pan, Cortical regulation of cell size by a sizer cdr2p. 2014, Pubmed
Pappas, Nebulin regulates actin filament lengths by a stabilization mechanism. 2010, Pubmed
Rafelski, Mitochondrial network size scaling in budding yeast. 2012, Pubmed
Raskin, Rapid pole-to-pole oscillation of a protein required for directing division to the middle of Escherichia coli. 1999, Pubmed
Reber, XMAP215 activity sets spindle length by controlling the total mass of spindle microtubules. 2013, Pubmed , Xenbase
Rincon, Pom1 regulates the assembly of Cdr2-Mid1 cortical nodes for robust spatial control of cytokinesis. 2014, Pubmed
Schuck, Membrane expansion alleviates endoplasmic reticulum stress independently of the unfolded protein response. 2009, Pubmed
Schweizer, The dynamic spindle matrix. 2014, Pubmed
Sengupta, Control of organelle size: the Golgi complex. 2011, Pubmed
Stephens, Quantal tektin synthesis and ciliary length in sea-urchin embryos. 1989, Pubmed
Subramanian, Marking and measuring single microtubules by PRC1 and kinesin-4. 2013, Pubmed
Travers, Functional and genomic analyses reveal an essential coordination between the unfolded protein response and ER-associated degradation. 2000, Pubmed
Tsai, A Ran signalling pathway mediated by the mitotic kinase Aurora A in spindle assembly. 2003, Pubmed , Xenbase
Varga, Yeast kinesin-8 depolymerizes microtubules in a length-dependent manner. 2006, Pubmed
Wagner, Length control of the injectisome needle requires only one molecule of Yop secretion protein P (YscP). 2010, Pubmed
Wartlick, Dynamics of Dpp signaling and proliferation control. 2011, Pubmed
Werner, Control of cortical contractility during cytokinesis. 2008, Pubmed
Wiest, Membrane biogenesis during B cell differentiation: most endoplasmic reticulum proteins are expressed coordinately. 1990, Pubmed
Wilbur, Mitotic spindle scaling during Xenopus development by kif2a and importin α. 2013, Pubmed , Xenbase
Wühr, A model for cleavage plane determination in early amphibian and fish embryos. 2010, Pubmed , Xenbase
Wühr, Evidence for an upper limit to mitotic spindle length. 2008, Pubmed , Xenbase
Xiang, New components of the Golgi matrix. 2011, Pubmed
Zwicker, Centrosomes are autocatalytic droplets of pericentriolar material organized by centrioles. 2014, Pubmed