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FIG. 1. Cardiac muscle development in Xenopus. Confocal images of the heart regions of six stages of embryos (27-46) are presented (ventral views), each adjacent to a diagrammatic representation of an embryo (Nieuwkoop and Faber, 1967) at the corresponding stage. Prior to microscopy, stage 27-33 embryos were immunolabeled with anti-tropomyosin (CH1) and stages 356 with anti-cardiac troponin T (CT3). The secondary antibody used for all stages was conjugated to Cy5. Each confocal image represents a digitally colored compilation of 30-53 optical sections taken (in gray scale) 5 um apart. All confocal images were taken at the same magnification and are presented with the anterior of the embryo at the top. Scale bar, 100 um |
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| Gene |
Clone |
Species |
Stages |
Anatomy |
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tnnt2.L
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laevis
|
NF stage 35 and 36
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heart
,
myocardium
,
muscle
,
cardiac ventricle
|
|
tnnt2.L
|
|
laevis
|
NF stage 41
|
heart
,
myocardium
,
muscle
,
left atrium
,
right atrium
,
[+]
|
|
tnnt2.L
|
|
laevis
|
NF stage 44
|
heart
,
myocardium
,
muscle
,
left atrium
,
right atrium
,
[+]
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Display additional annotations [+]
| Gene |
Clone |
Species |
Stages |
Anatomy |
|
fbn2
|
|
laevis
|
NF stage 35 and 36
|
heart
,
endocardium
,
epicardium
,
left atrium
,
right atrium
,
[+]
|
|
fbn2
|
|
laevis
|
NF stage 41
|
heart
,
left atrium
,
right atrium
,
cardiac ventricle
|
|
fbn2
|
|
laevis
|
NF stage 44
|
heart
,
endocardium
,
epicardium
,
left atrium
,
right atrium
,
[+]
|
|
| |
FIG. 4. Milestones of early cardiac development in Xenopus (continued). Embryos were double labeled with anti-cardiac troponin T (CT3) (red) and anti-fibrillin (JB3) (green) and optically sectioned. For each stage, the set of optical sections (35 to 53 sections 5 to 7 um thick) was digitally compiled in increments of 6 to 9 sections. Resulting ventral views of optical thick sections are presented. By stage 35 (A and B) the myocardial wall is closed and the heart tube has become twisted in a S shape; the chambers are now distinct. Stage 41 (C and D) The myocardium thickens and develops trabeculae; the atrium is posterior to the ventricle. At stage 44 (E and F) the single atrium begins to be partitioned by the forming septum and is pushed slightly anterior to the ventricle. Scale bar, 100um. |
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FIG. 5. Ventral-to-dorsal progression through a stage 46 Xenopus heart. Images were digitally created from a series of 48 optical sections (taken 5um apart) through a double-labeled stage 46 Xenopus heart (red, CT3; green, JB3). Image A represents the most ventral 8 images of this series, digitally merged; image B, the next 8, etc. The relative positioning of heart structures to one another, as well as an individual structure order of emergence within the series, can be established: the truncus arteriosus and ventricle are always most ventral (A). Progressing dorsally, the spiral valve (B) appears within the truncus. Next, the single atrioventricular valve (C) is seen overlying the atrial septum (D and E). Midway through the series (C and D), the first views of the atria, as well as the aortic branches, are viewed. Both atria and the sinus venosus are seen more dorsally (D and E). Finally, the back wall of the atria is seen, positioned most dorsal (F). Scale bar, 100 um. |
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FIG. 6. Early vasculature in Xenopus. Ventral view of a double-labelled stage 46 Xenopus embryo (red, anti-cardiac tropon in T (CT3); green, anti-type VI collagen). Image represents 45 optical sections through the embryo, each 10 um thick, digitally merged and colored. The first three branches on the left side of the paired aortic arches are easily distinguished with the antibody to type VI collagen, as are all chambers and the truncus arteriosus with the antibody to cardiac troponin T. Scale bar, 100 um |
