XB-ART-39597
Dev Biol
2009 Jul 15;3312:340-9. doi: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2009.04.016.
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Unexpected functional redundancy between Twist and Slug (Snail2) and their feedback regulation of NF-kappaB via Nodal and Cerberus.
Zhang C
,
Klymkowsky MW
.
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A NF-kappaB-Twist-Snail network controls axis and mesoderm formation in Drosophila. Using translation-blocking morpholinos and hormone-regulated proteins, we demonstrate the presence of an analogous network in the early Xenopus embryo. Loss of twist (twist1) function leads to a reduction of mesoderm and neural crest markers, an increase in apoptosis, and a decrease in snail1 (snail) and snail2 (slug) mRNA levels. Injection of snail2 mRNA rescues twist's loss of function phenotypes and visa versa. In the early embryo NF-kappaB/RelA regulates twist, snail2, and snail1 mRNA levels; similarly Nodal/Smad2 regulate twist, snail2, snail1, and relA RNA levels. Both Twist and Snail2 negatively regulate levels of cerberus RNA, which encodes a Nodal, bone morphogenic protein (BMP), and Wnt inhibitor. Cerberus's anti-Nodal activity inhibits NF-kappaB activity and decreases relA RNA levels. These results reveal both conserved and unexpected regulatory interactions at the core of a vertebrate's mesodermal specification network.
???displayArticle.pubmedLink??? 19389392
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Species referenced: Xenopus
Genes referenced: a2m cer1 chrd myod1 nfkb1 nodal nodal1 rela snai1 snai2 tbxt twist1 vegt
???displayArticle.morpholinos??? snai2 MO1 twist1 MO1 twist1 MO2
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Fig. 3. Compared to uninjected embryos (A, C, E, G), injection of the Twist morpholino (7 ng/embryo) (B, D, F, H) into one-cell of two-cell embryos led to the loss of xbra (A, C), antipodean/vegT (B, D), and chordin (E, F) expression (arrows), and the expansion (arrow) of the expression domain of the endodermal marker endodermin (G, H). “yp” marks the yolk plug of gastrula stage embryos, “BP” marks the blastopore — all embryos are oriented similarly, with the dorsal lip oriented to the lower right. |
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Fig. 5. Compared to uninjected embryos (A and top embryo in part H), the unilateral injection of either Snail2 (B) or Twist (C) morpholinos (7 ng/embryo) in two-cell embryos led to the anterior loss of myoD RNA in situ hybridization staining in stage 22/24 embryos. The loss of myoD staining in Twist (D) or Snail2 (E) morphant embryos was rescued by Twist RNA injection (500 pg/embryo); similarly the loss of myoD staining in Snail2 (F) or Twist (G) morphant embryos was rescued by the injection of Snail2-GFP RNA (500 pg/embryo). All embryos are oriented with anterior to the left and dorsal to the top. (H) In larvae derived from unilaterally injected 2-cell embryos there was a pronounced curvature toward the injected side. In all cases, it is worth noting that these embryos survived gastrulation and are therefore likely to represent partial, rather than complete, loss of function phenotypes. |
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