De Robertis EM .

HD21502-23 NICHD NIH HHS , Howard Hughes Medical Institute , R01 HD021502-23 NICHD NIH HHS , R01 HD021502 NICHD NIH HHS , R37 HD021502 NICHD NIH HHS

Fig. 13. Simultaneous depletion of four BMPs causes ubiquitous CNS differentiation, which can be restored by transplantation of either a wild-type ventral center or a dorsal organizer. (A) Control Xenopus embryo showing normal Sox2 mRNA expression in the CNS. (B) Sibling depleted of ADMP, BMP2, 4 and 7 with antisense morpholinos; note that the entire embryonic surface is covered by CNS tissue. (C) Transplantation of a wild-type ventral center (labeled with nuclear LacZ lineage tracer) into BMP-depleted embryos restores formation of a neural plate with epidermis ventrally to it. (D) Cytokeratin mRNA is abundantly expressed in epidermis. (E) Cytokeratin expression is eliminated in BMP-depleted embryos (because epidermis is replaced by CNS). (F) Transplantation of a wild-type dorsal organizer rescues BMP depletion. Epidermis is induced, but at a considerable distance from the transplanted tissue (which gives rise to notochord). BMP does not signal close to the graft because it is inhibited by Chordin. These experiments show, first, that BMP inhibition causes ubiquitous neural induction and, second, that the embryo has dorsal and ventral sources of BMP signals. Experiments from Reversade and De Robertis (2005), reproduced with permission.

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