Click here to close
Hello! We notice that you are using Internet Explorer, which is not supported by Xenbase and may cause the site to display incorrectly.
We suggest using a current version of Chrome,
FireFox, or Safari.
Immune defenses against Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, a fungus linked to global amphibian declines, in the South African clawed frog, Xenopus laevis.
Ramsey JP
,
Reinert LK
,
Harper LK
,
Woodhams DC
,
Rollins-Smith LA
.
???displayArticle.abstract???
Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis is a chytrid fungus that causes the lethal skin disease chytridiomycosis in amphibians. It is regarded as an emerging infectious disease affecting diverse amphibian populations in many parts of the world. Because there are few model amphibian species for immunological studies, little is known about immune defenses against B. dendrobatidis. We show here that the South African clawed frog, Xenopus laevis, is a suitable model for investigating immunity to this pathogen. After an experimental exposure, a mild infection developed over 20 to 30 days and declined by 45 days postexposure. Either purified antimicrobial peptides or mixtures of peptides in the skin mucus inhibited B. dendrobatidis growth in vitro. Skin peptide secretion was maximally induced by injection of norepinephrine, and this treatment resulted in sustained skin peptide depletion and increased susceptibility to infection. Sublethal X-irradiation of frogs decreased leukocyte numbers in the spleen and resulted in greater susceptibility to infection. Immunization against B. dendrobatidis induced elevated pathogen-specific IgM and IgY serum antibodies. Mucus secretions from X. laevis previously exposed to B. dendrobatidis contained significant amounts of IgM, IgY, and IgX antibodies that bind to B. dendrobatidis. These data strongly suggest that both innate and adaptive immune defenses are involved in the resistance of X. laevis to lethal B. dendrobatidis infections.
Andreu,
Solid-phase synthesis of PYLa and isolation of its natural counterpart, PGLa [PYLa-(4-24)] from skin secretion of Xenopus laevis.
1985, Pubmed,
Xenbase
Andreu,
Solid-phase synthesis of PYLa and isolation of its natural counterpart, PGLa [PYLa-(4-24)] from skin secretion of Xenopus laevis.
1985,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Benson,
In vitro characterization of adrenergic receptors controlling skin gland secretion in two anurans Rana pipiens and Xenopus laevis.
1969,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Berger,
Chytridiomycosis causes amphibian mortality associated with population declines in the rain forests of Australia and Central America.
1998,
Pubmed
Berger,
Life cycle stages of the amphibian chytrid Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis.
2005,
Pubmed
Blomberg,
In vitro evidence for T-B lymphocyte collaboration in the clawed toad, Xenopus.
1980,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Boyle,
Rapid quantitative detection of chytridiomycosis (Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis) in amphibian samples using real-time Taqman PCR assay.
2004,
Pubmed
Brucker,
Amphibian chemical defense: antifungal metabolites of the microsymbiont Janthinobacterium lividum on the salamander Plethodon cinereus.
2008,
Pubmed
Carey,
Amphibian declines: an immunological perspective.
1999,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Cerutti,
The biology of intestinal immunoglobulin A responses.
2008,
Pubmed
Conlon,
Peptides with differential cytolytic activity from skin secretions of the lemur leaf frog Hylomantis lemur (Hylidae: Phyllomedusinae).
2007,
Pubmed
Dockray,
Caerulein secretion by dermal glands in Xenopus laevis.
1975,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Du Pasquier,
The immune system of Xenopus.
1989,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Flajnik,
Evolution of the MHC: antigenicity and unusual tissue distribution of Xenopus (frog) class II molecules.
1990,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Gibson,
Novel peptide fragments originating from PGLa and the caerulein and xenopsin precursors from Xenopus laevis.
1986,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Giovannini,
Biosynthesis and degradation of peptides derived from Xenopus laevis prohormones.
1987,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Harris,
Skin microbes on frogs prevent morbidity and mortality caused by a lethal skin fungus.
2009,
Pubmed
Holmes,
In vitro studies on the control of myoepithelial cell contraction in the granular glands of Xenopus laevis skin.
1978,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Horton,
Thymocyte/stromal cell chimaerism in allothymus-grafted Xenopus: developmental studies using the X. borealis fluorescence marker.
1987,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Hsu,
Studies on Xenopus immunoglobulins using monoclonal antibodies.
1984,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Hyatt,
Diagnostic assays and sampling protocols for the detection of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis.
2007,
Pubmed
James,
Purification of antimicrobial peptides from an extract of the skin of Xenopus laevis using heparin-affinity HPLC: characterization by ion-spray mass spectrometry.
1994,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Jürgens,
Identification of a candidate CD5 homologue in the amphibian Xenopus laevis.
1995,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Kuchler,
The genes for the frog skin peptides GLa, xenopsin, levitide and caerulein contain a homologous export exon encoding a signal sequence and part of an amphiphilic peptide.
1989,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Lips,
Emerging infectious disease and the loss of biodiversity in a Neotropical amphibian community.
2006,
Pubmed
Lobb,
Phylogeny of immunoglobulin structure and function. XI. Secretory immunoglobulins in the cutaneous mucus of the sheepshead, Archosargus probatocephalus.
1981,
Pubmed
McClanahan,
Rate of water uptake through the integument of the desert toad, Bufo punctatus.
1969,
Pubmed
Mestecky,
Specific antibody activity, glycan heterogeneity and polyreactivity contribute to the protective activity of S-IgA at mucosal surfaces.
2009,
Pubmed
Moore,
Antimicrobial peptides in the stomach of Xenopus laevis.
1991,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Mussmann,
Is Xenopus IgX an analog of IgA?
1996,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Pessier,
Cutaneous chytridiomycosis in poison dart frogs (Dendrobates spp.) and White's tree frogs (Litoria caerulea).
1999,
Pubmed
Pounds,
Widespread amphibian extinctions from epidemic disease driven by global warming.
2006,
Pubmed
Rachowicz,
Emerging infectious disease as a proximate cause of amphibian mass mortality.
2006,
Pubmed
Retallick,
Endemic infection of the amphibian chytrid fungus in a frog community post-decline.
2004,
Pubmed
Retallick,
Strain differences in the amphibian chytrid Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis and non-permanent, sub-lethal effects of infection.
2007,
Pubmed
Ribas,
Expression profiling the temperature-dependent amphibian response to infection by Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis.
2009,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Richter,
Sequence of preprocaerulein cDNAs cloned from skin of Xenopus laevis. A small family of precursors containing one, three, or four copies of the final product.
1986,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Robert,
Adaptive immunity and histopathology in frog virus 3-infected Xenopus.
2005,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Robert,
Comparative and developmental study of the immune system in Xenopus.
2009,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Robert,
Ontogeny of the alloimmune response against a transplanted tumor in Xenopus laevis.
1995,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Rollins-Smith,
Antimicrobial Peptide defenses in amphibian skin.
2005,
Pubmed
Rollins-Smith,
The role of amphibian antimicrobial peptides in protection of amphibians from pathogens linked to global amphibian declines.
2009,
Pubmed
Rollins-Smith,
Antimicrobial peptide defenses against pathogens associated with global amphibian declines.
2002,
Pubmed
Rollins-Smith,
Antimicrobial peptide defenses of the mountain yellow-legged frog (Rana muscosa).
2006,
Pubmed
Rollins-Smith,
Activity of antimicrobial skin peptides from ranid frogs against Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, the chytrid fungus associated with global amphibian declines.
2002,
Pubmed
Rollins-Smith,
Activities of temporin family peptides against the chytrid fungus (Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis) associated with global amphibian declines.
2003,
Pubmed
Rollins-Smith,
Antimicrobial peptide defenses against chytridiomycosis, an emerging infectious disease of amphibian populations.
2005,
Pubmed
Rollins-Smith,
An antimicrobial peptide from the skin secretions of the mountain chicken frog Leptodactylus fallax (Anura:Leptodactylidae).
2005,
Pubmed
Rollins-Smith,
Antimicrobial peptide defenses of the Tarahumara frog, Rana tarahumarae.
2002,
Pubmed
Rombout,
Differences in mucus and serum immunoglobulin of carp (Cyprinus carpio L.).
1993,
Pubmed
Rosenblum,
Genome-wide transcriptional response of Silurana (Xenopus) tropicalis to infection with the deadly chytrid fungus.
2009,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Russ,
Cytoarchitecture of the Xenopus thymus following gamma-irradiation.
1987,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Shepherd,
Chromaffin-adrenocortical cell interactions: effects of chromaffin cell activation in adrenal cell cocultures.
2001,
Pubmed
Simmaco,
Antimicrobial peptides from amphibian skin: what do they tell us?
1998,
Pubmed
Sjöberg,
Innervation of skin glands in the frog.
1976,
Pubmed
Stice,
Immunization is ineffective at preventing infection and mortality due to the amphibian chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis.
2010,
Pubmed
Sures,
Xenopsin: the neurotensin-like octapeptide from Xenopus skin at the carboxyl terminus of its precursor.
1984,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Tennessen,
Variations in the expressed antimicrobial peptide repertoire of northern leopard frog (Rana pipiens) populations suggest intraspecies differences in resistance to pathogens.
2009,
Pubmed
Turner,
Thymic dependence of amphibian antibody responses.
1974,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Voyles,
Electrolyte depletion and osmotic imbalance in amphibians with chytridiomycosis.
2007,
Pubmed
Voyles,
Pathogenesis of chytridiomycosis, a cause of catastrophic amphibian declines.
2009,
Pubmed
Weldon,
Origin of the amphibian chytrid fungus.
2004,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Woodhams,
Predicted disease susceptibility in a Panamanian amphibian assemblage based on skin peptide defenses.
2006,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Woodhams,
Population trends associated with skin peptide defenses against chytridiomycosis in Australian frogs.
2006,
Pubmed
Woodhams,
Life-history trade-offs influence disease in changing climates: strategies of an amphibian pathogen.
2008,
Pubmed
Zasloff,
Magainins, a class of antimicrobial peptides from Xenopus skin: isolation, characterization of two active forms, and partial cDNA sequence of a precursor.
1987,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
