Roubos EW , Jenks BG , Xu L , Kuribara M , Scheenen WJ , Kozicz T .

	Figure 1. Summarizing scheme of the regulation by the caudodorsal cells (CDC) of Lymnaea stagnalis of overt (visible) and covert (invisible) aspects of egg-laying behavior by, respectively, neurohemal peptide release from axon terminals in the periphery of the cerebral commissure and non-synaptic peptide release from axon collaterals in the inner part of the commissure. Overt aspects include the activation of muscles in the foot for locomotion during substrate cleaning (bottom left) and of muscles attached to the shell for shell turning (bottom right), while covert aspects include the induction of ovulation and the activation of accessory sex glands to produce an egg mass (top). For details on these aspects, see text. LC, left cerebral ganglion; LP, left pedal ganglion; MN, motor neurons; RC, right cerebral ganglion; RN, Ring neuron; RP, right pedal ganglion.
	Figure 2. Transduction of various physiological environmental stimuli to the melanotrope cell of Xenopus laevis controlling the secretion of αMSH, via neurohemal nerve terminals in the pars nervosa and from synaptic terminals in the pars intermedia of the pituitary gland. 5HT, 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin); A, arginine-vasopressin receptor; ACh, acetylcholine; AVT, arginine-vasopressin; β, β-adrenergic receptor; BDNF, brain-derived neurotrophic factor; C, calcium-sensing receptor; C1, corticotropin-releasing factor receptor 1; C2, corticotropin-releasing factor receptor 2; Ca2+, calcium ion; CRF, corticotropin-releasing factor; D2, dopamine D2 receptor; DA, dopamine; Ga, GABAA receptor; Gb, GABAB receptor; GABA, γ-aminobutyric acid; M, mesotocin receptor; M1, muscarinic M1 receptor; ME, metenkephalin; Me, metenkephalin receptor; MT, mesotocin; NA, noradrenalin; NPY, neuropeptide Y; P, P75NTR receptor; PACAP, pituitary adenylyl cyclase-activating polypeptide; T, TrkB receptor; T3, thyrotropin-releasing hormone receptor 3; TRH, thyrotropin-releasing hormone; Ucn1, urocortin 1; V1, VPAC1 receptor; Y1, NPY Y1 receptor. (Modified after Roubos et al., 2005.)
	Figure 3. Model of interactions between the npEW and the HPA-axis and other centers involved in stress adaptation and energy metabolism. Continuous lines indicate established interactions, dashed lines indicate presumed interactions; the dotted line refers to sex difference. 5HT, serotonin; ACTH, adrenocorticotrope hormone; BDNF, brain-derived neurotrophic factor; C2, corticotropin-releasing factor receptor 2; CART, cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript peptide; CB, endocannabinoids; CB1, endocannabinoid receptor 1; CRF, corticotropin-releasing factor; DR, dorsal raphe nucleus; ERβ, estrogen receptor β; GABA, γ-aminobutyric acid; GC, glucocorticoids; GR, glucocorticoid receptor; IN, interneuron; LH, lateral hypothalamus; LS, lateral septum; NPY, neuropeptide Y; ObR, leptin receptor; PVN, paraventricular nucleus; Ucn1, urocortin 1; Y-1/5; neuropeptide Y receptors 1 and 5. (Slightly modified after Derks, 2010.)

Asakawa, Cocaine-amphetamine-regulated transcript influences energy metabolism, anxiety and gastric emptying in mice. 2001, Pubmed

Asakawa, Cocaine-amphetamine-regulated transcript influences energy metabolism, anxiety and gastric emptying in mice. 2001, Pubmed
Audesirk, Circadian Rhythm of Neuron R15 of Aplysia californica: In Vivo Photoentrainment. 1975, Pubmed
Ayoubi, Transcriptional and posttranscriptional regulation of the proopiomelanocortin gene in the pars intermedia of the pituitary gland of Xenopus laevis. 1992, Pubmed , Xenbase
BURGERS, On the influence of adrenaline and an adrenaline-like compound on the melanophore activity of Xenopus laevis. 1956, Pubmed , Xenbase
BURGERS, Regulation of pigment migration in the amphibian melanophore. 1962, Pubmed
BURGERS, The amount of melanophore-stimulating hormone in single pituitary glands of Xenopus levis kept under various conditions. 1963, Pubmed , Xenbase
Bachtell, The Edinger-Westphal-lateral septum urocortin pathway and its relationship to alcohol consumption. 2003, Pubmed
Bachtell, Strain differences in urocortin expression in the Edinger-Westphal nucleus and its relation to alcohol-induced hypothermia. 2002, Pubmed
Baldo, Overlapping distributions of orexin/hypocretin- and dopamine-beta-hydroxylase immunoreactive fibers in rat brain regions mediating arousal, motivation, and stress. 2003, Pubmed
Berghs, Neuroendocrine responses in background adaptation. 1998, Pubmed , Xenbase
Berghs, The secretory granule and pro-opiomelanocortin processing in Xenopus melanotrope cells during background adaptation. 1997, Pubmed , Xenbase
Berghs, Background adaptation and synapse plasticity in the pars intermedia of Xenopus laevis. 1996, Pubmed , Xenbase
Berghs, Co-expression in Xenopus neurons and neuroendocrine cells of messenger RNA homologues of exocytosis proteins DOC2 and munc18-1. 1999, Pubmed , Xenbase
Bidaud, Distribution of the mRNAs encoding the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) precursor and three TRH receptors in the brain and pituitary of Xenopus laevis: effect of background color adaptation on TRH and TRH receptor gene expression. 2004, Pubmed , Xenbase
Bijlsma, Environmental stress, adaptation and evolution: an overview. 2005, Pubmed
Bittencourt, Urocortin expression in rat brain: evidence against a pervasive relationship of urocortin-containing projections with targets bearing type 2 CRF receptors. 1999, Pubmed
Blomqvist, Cloning and sequence analysis of a neuropeptide Y/peptide YY receptor Y1 cDNA from Xenopus laevis. 1995, Pubmed , Xenbase
Boeke, Evolution: A is for adaptation. 2004, Pubmed
Boer, Electron microscopical and histochemical observations on the relation between medio-dorsal bodies and neurosecretory cells in the basommatophoran snails Lymmaea stagnalis, Ancylus fluviatilis, Australorbis galbratus and Planorbarius corneus. 1968, Pubmed
Boer, ACTH-like immunoreactivity in two electronically coupled giant neurons in the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis. 1979, Pubmed
Bonga, Formation, storage, and release of neurosecretory material studied by quantitative electron microscopy in the fresh water snail Lymnaea stagnalis (L.). 1971, Pubmed
Bridle, Limits to evolution at range margins: when and why does adaptation fail? 2007, Pubmed
Brink, An electron microscopical investigation of the follicle gland (cerebral gland) and of some neurosecretory cells in the lateral lobe of the cerebral ganglion of the pulmonate gastropod Lymnaea stagnalis L. 1967, Pubmed
Brussaard, Discharge induction in molluscan peptidergic cells requires a specific set of autoexcitatory neuropeptides. 1990, Pubmed
Buma, Ultrastructural demonstration of nonsynaptic release sites in the central nervous system of the snail Lymnaea stagnalis, the insect Periplaneta americana, and the rat. 1986, Pubmed
Buma, Ultrastructural demonstration of exocytosis of neural, neuroendocrine and endocrine secretions with an in vitro tannic acid (TARI-) method. 1984, Pubmed
Buma, Calcium dynamics, exocytosis, and membrane turnover in the ovulation hormone-releasing caudo-dorsal cells of Lymnaea stagnalis. 1983, Pubmed
Burde, Lack of unity of Edinger-Westphal nucleus projections to the ciliary ganglion and spinal cord: a double-labeling approach. 1982, Pubmed
Buzzi, Neuroendocrine gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA): functional differences in GABAA versus GABAB receptor inhibition of the melanotrope cell of Xenopus laevis. 1997, Pubmed , Xenbase
Calle, Brain-derived neurotrophic factor in the brain of Xenopus laevis may act as a pituitary neurohormone together with mesotocin. 2006, Pubmed , Xenbase
Calle, Localisation and physiological regulation of corticotrophin-releasing factor receptor 1 mRNA in the Xenopus laevis brain and pituitary gland. 2006, Pubmed , Xenbase
Calle, Evidence that urocortin I acts as a neurohormone to stimulate alpha MSH release in the toad Xenopus laevis. 2005, Pubmed , Xenbase
Calle, Effect of starvation on Fos and neuropeptide immunoreactivities in the brain and pituitary gland of Xenopus laevis. 2006, Pubmed , Xenbase
Cavani, Evidence that urocortin is absent from neurons of the Edinger-Westphal nucleus in pigeons. 2003, Pubmed
Clements, Immunocytochemical localization of serotonin in the rat periaqueductal gray: a quantitative light and electron microscopic study. 1985, Pubmed
Corstens, The effects of disruption of A kinase anchoring protein-protein kinase A association on protein kinase A signalling in neuroendocrine melanotroph cells of Xenopus laevis. 2006, Pubmed , Xenbase
Couceyro, Further studies on the anatomical distribution of CART by in situ hybridization. 1997, Pubmed
Deen, Comparative structural analysis of the transcriptionally active proopiomelanocortin genes A and B of Xenopus laevis. 1992, Pubmed , Xenbase
Derks, Presence of estrogen receptor beta in urocortin 1-neurons in the mouse non-preganglionic Edinger-Westphal nucleus. 2007, Pubmed
Derks, Sex differences in urocortin 1 dynamics in the non-preganglionic Edinger-Westphal nucleus of the rat. 2010, Pubmed
Dictus, A neuropeptide (Calfluxin) is involved in the influx of calcium into mitochondria of the albumen gland of the freshwater snail Lymnaea stagnalis. 1987, Pubmed
Dirks, Overexpression of corticotropin-releasing hormone in transgenic mice and chronic stress-like autonomic and physiological alterations. 2002, Pubmed
Dogterom, The effect of temperature on spontaneous, and ovulation hormone-induced female reproduction in Lymnaea stagnalis. 1984, Pubmed
Dogterom, Ovulation hormone, nutritive state, and female reproductive activity in Lymnaea stagnalis. 1984, Pubmed
Dotman, Dynamics of proopiomelanocortin and prohormone convertase 2 gene expression in Xenopus melanotrope cells during long-term background adaptation. 1998, Pubmed , Xenbase
Dun, Neuropeptide B immunoreactivity in the central nervous system of the rat. 2005, Pubmed
Eagleson, A developmental analysis of periodic albinism in the amphibian Xenopus laevis. 2010, Pubmed , Xenbase
Ebberink, Purification and amino acid sequence of the ovulation neurohormone of Lymnaea stagnalis. 1985, Pubmed
Frackiewicz, Gender differences in depression and antidepressant pharmacokinetics and adverse events. 2000, Pubmed
Galas, TRH acts as a multifunctional hypophysiotropic factor in vertebrates. 2009, Pubmed
Galas, In situ hybridization localization of TRH precursor and TRH receptor mRNAs in the brain and pituitary of Xenopus laevis. 2005, Pubmed , Xenbase
Gaszner, Neuropeptide Y activates urocortin 1 neurons in the nonpreganglionic Edinger-Westphal nucleus. 2007, Pubmed
Gaszner, Diurnal expression of period 2 and urocortin 1 in neurones of the non-preganglionic Edinger-Westphal nucleus in the rat. 2009, Pubmed
Gaszner, Effects of maternal separation on dynamics of urocortin 1 and brain-derived neurotrophic factor in the rat non-preganglionic Edinger-Westphal nucleus. 2009, Pubmed
Gaszner, Urocortinergic neurons respond in a differentiated manner to various acute stressors in the Edinger-Westphal nucleus in the rat. 2004, Pubmed
Geraerts, The control of ovulation in the hermaphroditic freshwater snail Lymnaea stagnalis by the neurohormone of the caudodorsal cells. 1976, Pubmed
Geraerts, Control of vitellogenesis and of growth of female accessory sex organs by the dorsal body hormone (DBH) in the hermaphroditic freshwater snail Lymnaea stagnalis. 1975, Pubmed
Geraerts, Multiple release of peptides by electrically active neurosecretory caudo-dorsal cells of Lymnaea stagnalis. 1983, Pubmed
Goos, Hypothalamic control of the pars intermedia in Xenopus laevis tadpoles. 1969, Pubmed , Xenbase
Greisen, Acute pain induces an instant increase in natural killer cell cytotoxicity in humans and this response is abolished by local anaesthesia. 1999, Pubmed
Gysling, Corticotropin-releasing hormone and urocortin: redundant or distinctive functions? 2004, Pubmed
Haeger, Natural expression of immature Ucn antisense RNA in the rat brain. Evidence favoring bidirectional transcription of the Ucn gene locus. 2005, Pubmed
Hauger, Corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) receptor signaling in the central nervous system: new molecular targets. 2006, Pubmed
Hermann, Role of neuropeptides encoded on CDCH-1 gene in the organization of egg-laying behavior in the pond snail, Lymnaea stagnalis. 1997, Pubmed
Hopkins, Studies on secretory activity in the pars intermedia of Xenopus laevis 3. The synthesis and release of melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH) in vitro. 1970, Pubmed , Xenbase
Hsu, Human stresscopin and stresscopin-related peptide are selective ligands for the type 2 corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor. 2001, Pubmed
Innis, Cholecystokinin-containing and nociceptive neurons in rat Edinger-Westphal nucleus. 1986, Pubmed
Jansen, Membrane mechanism of neuroendocrine caudo-dorsal cell inhibition by the ring neuron in the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis. 1985, Pubmed
Jansen, Ring neuron control of columellar motor neurons during egg-laying behavior in the pond snail. 1985, Pubmed
Jenks, Control of MSH synthesis and release in the aquatic toad, Xenopus laevis. 1977, Pubmed , Xenbase
Jenks, The significance of multiple inhibitory mechanisms converging on the melanotrope cell of Xenopus laevis. 1998, Pubmed , Xenbase
Jenks, Biosynthesis of MSH and related peptides in the pars intermedia of the mouse: a pulse-chase analysis. 1979, Pubmed
Jenks, Plasticity in the melanotrope neuroendocrine interface of Xenopus laevis. 2007, Pubmed , Xenbase
Jenks, Ca2+ oscillations in melanotropes of Xenopus laevis: their generation, propagation, and function. 2003, Pubmed , Xenbase
Ji, Neuronal plasticity and signal transduction in nociceptive neurons: implications for the initiation and maintenance of pathological pain. 2001, Pubmed
Jiménez, Neuropeptide expression and processing as revealed by direct matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry of single neurons. 1994, Pubmed
Jiménez, Spatio-temporal dynamics of the egg-laying-inducing peptides during an egg-laying cycle: a semiquantitative matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry approach. 2004, Pubmed
Jiménez, Auto-inhibitory control of peptidergic molluscan neurons and reproductive senescence. 2006, Pubmed
Joosse, Neuropeptides: peripheral and central messengers of the brain. 1986, Pubmed
Joosse, Evolutionary aspects of neuropeptides. 1987, Pubmed
Joosse, Nervous systems of lower animals as models, with particular reference to peptidergic neurons in gastropods. 1982, Pubmed
Kandel, Development of the central nervous system of Aplysia in terms of the differentiation of its specific identifiable cells. 1980, Pubmed
Kask, Anorexigenic cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript peptide intensifies fear reactions in rats. 2000, Pubmed
Kask, The neurocircuitry and receptor subtypes mediating anxiolytic-like effects of neuropeptide Y. 2002, Pubmed
Keller, Evolution: informational constraints on adaptation. 2004, Pubmed
Kidane, Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide regulates brain-derived neurotrophic factor exon IV expression through the VPAC1 receptor in the amphibian melanotrope cell. 2008, Pubmed , Xenbase
Kidane, Actions of PACAP and VIP on melanotrope cells of Xenopus laevis. 2007, Pubmed , Xenbase
Kidane, Differential neuroendocrine expression of multiple brain-derived neurotrophic factor transcripts. 2009, Pubmed , Xenbase
Kidane, Expression and physiological regulation of BDNF receptors in the neuroendocrine melanotrope cell of Xenopus laevis. 2007, Pubmed , Xenbase
Kikuyama, Development of the ectopically transplanted primordium of epithelial hypophysis (anterior neural ridge) in Bufo japonicus embryos. 1993, Pubmed
Kits, States of excitability in ovulation hormone producing neuroendocrine cells of Lymnaea stagnalis (gastropoda) and their relation to the egg-laying cycle. 1980, Pubmed
Koene, Coolidge effect in pond snails: male motivation in a simultaneous hermaphrodite. 2007, Pubmed
Kolk, Localization and physiological regulation of the exocytosis protein SNAP-25 in the brain and pituitary gland of Xenopus laevis. 2000, Pubmed , Xenbase
Kolk, Physiological control of Xunc18 expression in neuroendocrine melanotrope cells of Xenopus laevis. 2001, Pubmed , Xenbase
Koopman, Evidence that Ca2+-waves in Xenopus melanotropes depend on calcium-induced calcium release: a fluorescence correlation microscopy and linescanning study. 1999, Pubmed , Xenbase
Koopman, Membrane-initiated Ca(2+) signals are reshaped during propagation to subcellular regions. 2001, Pubmed , Xenbase
Kornstein, Gender differences in depression: implications for treatment. 1997, Pubmed
Korosi, Distribution and expression of CRF receptor 1 and 2 mRNAs in the CRF over-expressing mouse brain. 2006, Pubmed
Korosi, Corticotropin-releasing factor, urocortin 1, and their receptors in the mouse spinal cord. 2007, Pubmed
Korosi, Chronic ether stress-induced response of urocortin 1 neurons in the Edinger-Westphal nucleus in the mouse. 2005, Pubmed
Koylu, Cocaine and amphetamine regulated transcript (CART) and the stress response. 2006, Pubmed
Kozicz, Gender-related urocortin 1 and brain-derived neurotrophic factor expression in the adult human midbrain of suicide victims with major depression. 2008, Pubmed
Kozicz, Urocortin expression in the Edinger-Westphal nucleus is down-regulated in transgenic mice over-expressing neuronal corticotropin-releasing factor. 2004, Pubmed
Kozicz, CRF and CRF-related peptides in stress adaptation: from invertebrates to man. 2007, Pubmed
Kozicz, Neurons colocalizing urocortin and cocaine and amphetamine-regulated transcript immunoreactivities are induced by acute lipopolysaccharide stress in the Edinger-Westphal nucleus in the rat. 2003, Pubmed
Kozicz, On the role of urocortin 1 in the non-preganglionic Edinger-Westphal nucleus in stress adaptation. 2007, Pubmed
Kozicz, Chronic psychosocial stress affects corticotropin-releasing factor in the paraventricular nucleus and central extended amygdala as well as urocortin 1 in the non-preganglionic Edinger-Westphal nucleus of the tree shrew. 2008, Pubmed
Kramer, Evidence that brain-derived neurotrophic factor acts as an autocrine factor on pituitary melanotrope cells of Xenopus laevis. 2002, Pubmed , Xenbase
Kramer, Regulation of neurons in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of Xenopus laevis. 2002, Pubmed , Xenbase
Kramer, Functional organization of the suprachiasmatic nucleus of Xenopus laevis in relation to background adaptation. 2001, Pubmed , Xenbase
Kramer, Dynamics and plasticity of peptidergic control centres in the retino-brain-pituitary system of Xenopus laevis. 2001, Pubmed , Xenbase
Kudielka, Sex differences in HPA axis responses to stress: a review. 2005, Pubmed
Kuribara, Brain-derived neurotrophic factor stimulates growth of pituitary melanotrope cells in an autocrine way. 2011, Pubmed , Xenbase
Kuribara, BDNF stimulates Ca2+ oscillation frequency in melanotrope cells of Xenopus laevis: contribution of IP3-receptor-mediated release of intracellular Ca2+ to gene expression. 2010, Pubmed , Xenbase
Lanaud, Distribution of CCK mRNA in particular regions (hippocampus, periaqueductal grey and thalamus) of the rat by in situ hybridization. 1989, Pubmed
Leenders, Differential effects of coexisting dopamine, GABA and NPY on alpha-MSH secretion from melanotrope cells of Xenopus laevis. 1993, Pubmed , Xenbase
Lewis, Identification of urocortin III, an additional member of the corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) family with high affinity for the CRF2 receptor. 2001, Pubmed
Li, Purification and chemical characterization of caudodorsal cell hormone-II from the egg-laying controlling caudodorsal cells of Lymnaea stagnalis. 1992, Pubmed
Li, Processing and targeting of a molluscan egg-laying peptide prohormone as revealed by mass spectrometric peptide fingerprinting and peptide sequencing. 1994, Pubmed
Lieste, Single cell secretion measurements by amperometry in Xenopus melanotropes. 1998, Pubmed , Xenbase
Lieste, Action currents generate stepwise intracellular Ca2+ patterns in a neuroendocrine cell. 1998, Pubmed , Xenbase
Linden, Anxiolytic activity of the MGLU2/3 receptor agonist LY354740 on the elevated plus maze is associated with the suppression of stress-induced c-Fos in the hippocampus and increases in c-Fos induction in several other stress-sensitive brain regions. 2004, Pubmed
Loh, Evidence for two different turnover pools of adrenocorticotropin, alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone, and endorphin-related peptides released by the frog pituitary neurointermediate lobe. 1981, Pubmed , Xenbase
Maciewicz, The distribution of substance P-containing neurons in the cat Edinger-Westphal nucleus: relationship to efferent projection systems. 1983, Pubmed
Maciewicz, Edinger-Westphal nucleus: cholecystokinin immunocytochemistry and projections to spinal cord and trigeminal nucleus in the cat. 1984, Pubmed
Makara, Corticotrophin release induced by injection of formalin in rats with hemisection of the spinal cord. 1969, Pubmed
Martens, Expression of two proopiomelanocortin genes in the pituitary gland of Xenopus laevis: complete structures of the two preprohormones. 1986, Pubmed , Xenbase
Martens, Microsuperfusion of neurointermediate lobes of Xenopus laevis: concomitant and coordinately controlled release of newly synthesized peptides. 1981, Pubmed , Xenbase
Martens, N alpha-acetylation is linked to alpha-MSH release from pars intermedia of the amphibian pituitary gland. 1981, Pubmed , Xenbase
Martens, Biosynthesis of two structurally different pro-opiomelanocortins in the pars intermedia of the amphibian pituitary gland. 1982, Pubmed , Xenbase
Martens, Expression of the Xenopus D2 dopamine receptor. Tissue-specific regulation and two transcriptionally active genes but no evidence for alternative splicing. 1993, Pubmed , Xenbase
May, Comparison of the distributions of urocortin-containing and cholinergic neurons in the perioculomotor midbrain of the cat and macaque. 2008, Pubmed
Merilä, Evolution. Genetic constraints on adaptation? 2009, Pubmed
Millan, The induction of pain: an integrative review. 1999, Pubmed
Mizrahi, In vivo imaging of juxtaglomerular neuron turnover in the mouse olfactory bulb. 2006, Pubmed
Morin, The ascending serotonergic system in the hamster: comparison with projections of the dorsal and median raphe nuclei. 1999, Pubmed
Okere, Restraint stress alters the secretory activity of neurons co-expressing urocortin-1, cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript peptide and nesfatin-1 in the mouse Edinger-Westphal nucleus. 2010, Pubmed
Otake, Cholecystokinin and substance P immunoreactive projections to the paraventricular thalamic nucleus in the rat. 2005, Pubmed
Pan, Urocortin and the brain. 2008, Pubmed
Phipps, Edinger-Westphal neurons that project to spinal cord contain substance P. 1983, Pubmed
Piazza, The role of stress in drug self-administration. 1998, Pubmed
Pinsker, Bag cell control of egg laying in freely behaving aplysia. 1977, Pubmed
Ravigné, Live where you thrive: joint evolution of habitat choice and local adaptation facilitates specialization and promotes diversity. 2009, Pubmed
Reyes, Urocortin II: a member of the corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) neuropeptide family that is selectively bound by type 2 CRF receptors. 2001, Pubmed
Rothman, Primary structure and neuronal effects of alpha-bag cell peptide, a second candidate neurotransmitter encoded by a single gene in bag cell neurons of Aplysia. 1983, Pubmed
Roubos, Ultrastructure of gap junctions in the central nervous system of Lymnaea stagnalis with particular reference to electrotonic coupling between the neuroendocrine caudodorsal cells. 1985, Pubmed
Roubos, Regulation of neurosecretory activity in the freshwater pulmonate Lymnaea stagnalis (L.). A quantitative electron microscopical study. 1973, Pubmed
Roubos, Regulation of neurosecretory activity in the freshwater pulmonate Lymnaea stagnalis (L.) with particular reference to the role of the eyes: a quantitative electron microscopical study. 1975, Pubmed
Roubos, Background adaptation by Xenopus laevis: a model for studying neuronal information processing in the pituitary pars intermedia. 1997, Pubmed , Xenbase
Roubos, Cytobiology of the ovulation-neurohormone producing neuroendocrine caudo-dorsal cells of Lymnaea stagnalis. 1984, Pubmed
Roubos, Control of melanotrope cell activity in Xenopus laevis. 1993, Pubmed , Xenbase
Roubos, Neuronal and non-neuronal control of the neurosecretory caudo-dorsal cells of the freshwater snail Lymnaea stagnalis (L.). 1976, Pubmed
Roubos, Morphology of neurosecretory cells in basommatophoran snails homologous with egg-laying and growth hormone-producing cells of Lymnaea stagnalis. 1987, Pubmed
Roubos, Cellular mechanisms of neurohormone release in the snail Lymnaea stagnalis. 1982, Pubmed
Roubos, Ultrastructural analysis of peptide-hormone release by exocytosis. 1980, Pubmed
Roubos, Peptide processing and release by the neuroendocrine caudodorsal cells of Lymnaea stagnalis during an egg-laying cycle. 1994, Pubmed
Roubos, Dynamics of glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid receptors in the Xenopus laevis pituitary pars intermedia. 2009, Pubmed , Xenbase
Roubos, Plasticity of melanotrope cell regulations in Xenopus laevis. 2010, Pubmed , Xenbase
Roubos, Brain distribution and evidence for both central and neurohormonal actions of cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript peptide in Xenopus laevis. 2008, Pubmed , Xenbase
Roubos, New aspects of signal transduction in the Xenopus laevis melanotrope cell. 2002, Pubmed , Xenbase
Roubos, Neuronal, neurohormonal, and autocrine control of Xenopus melanotrope cell activity. 2005, Pubmed , Xenbase
Rouwette, Acute pain increases phosphorylation of DCLK-long in the Edinger-Westphal nucleus but not in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus of the rat. 2010, Pubmed
Ryabinin, The urocortin 1 neurocircuit: ethanol-sensitivity and potential involvement in alcohol consumption. 2006, Pubmed
Ryabinin, Urocortin 1-containing neurons in the human Edinger-Westphal nucleus. 2005, Pubmed
SCHARRER, Symposium on neurosecretion at Naples, Italy. 1953, Pubmed
SCHARRER, [Pituitary-diencephalic system of Scyllium Stellare]. 1952, Pubmed
SCHARRER, Neurosecretion and anterior pituitary in the dog. 1954, Pubmed
Saper, Efferent connections of the parabrachial nucleus in the rat. 1980, Pubmed
Sarnat, The discovery, proof and reproof of neurosecretion (Speidel, 1917; Scharrer and Scharrer, 1934). 1983, Pubmed
Scheenen, Neuropeptide Y inhibits Ca2+ oscillations, cyclic AMP, and secretion in melanotrope cells of Xenopus laevis via a Y1 receptor. 1995, Pubmed , Xenbase
Scheenen, Spontaneous calcium oscillations in Xenopus laevis melanotrope cells are mediated by omega-conotoxin sensitive calcium channels. 1994, Pubmed , Xenbase
Scheenen, Spontaneous calcium oscillations in melanotrope cells of Xenopus laevis. 1993, Pubmed , Xenbase
Scheenen, Spatial and temporal aspects of Ca2+ oscillations in Xenopus laevis melanotrope cells. 1996, Pubmed , Xenbase
Scheenen, Using transgenic animal models in neuroendocrine research: lessons from Xenopus laevis. 2009, Pubmed , Xenbase
Scheller, A single gene encodes multiple neuropeptides mediating a stereotyped behavior. 1983, Pubmed
Schmidt, Structural aspects, potassium stimulation and calcium dependence of nonsynaptic neuropeptide release by the egg laying controlling caudodorsal cells of Lymnaea stagnalis. 1988, Pubmed
Schmidt, Quantitative immunoelectron microscopy and tannic acid study of dynamics of neurohaemal and non-synaptic peptide release by the caudodorsal cells of Lymnaea stagnalis. 1989, Pubmed
Schmidt, Morphological basis for nonsynaptic communication within the central nervous system by exocytotic release of secretory material from the egg-laying stimulating neuroendocrine caudodorsal cells of Lymnaea stagnalis. 1987, Pubmed
Sigvardt, The bag cells of Aplysia as a multitransmitter system: identification of alpha bag cell peptide as a second neurotransmitter. 1986, Pubmed
Skelton, The neurobiology of urocortin. 2000, Pubmed
Sminia, Structure and function of blood and connective tissue cells of the fresh water pulmonate Lymnaea stagnalis studied by electron microscopy and enzyme histochemistry. 1972, Pubmed
Smith, Stress increases brain-derived neurotropic factor messenger ribonucleic acid in the hypothalamus and pituitary. 1995, Pubmed
Stay, A review of the role of neurosecretion in the control of juvenile hormone synthesis: a tribute to Berta Scharrer. 2000, Pubmed
Sánchez-Lasheras, Integrative neurobiology of energy homeostasis-neurocircuits, signals and mediators. 2010, Pubmed
Takeuchi, Immunohistochemical demonstration of the distribution of serotonin neurons in the brainstem of the rat and cat. 1982, Pubmed
Tanaka, Characterization of a family of endogenous neuropeptide ligands for the G protein-coupled receptors GPR7 and GPR8. 2003, Pubmed , Xenbase
Taylor, Pituitary-adrenocortical responses to persistent noxious stimuli in the awake rat: endogenous corticosterone does not reduce nociception in the formalin test. 1998, Pubmed
Terlou, The development of a hypothalamic monoaminergic system for the regulation of the Pars intermedia activity in Xenopus laevis. 1973, Pubmed , Xenbase
Terlou, Proceedings: Effect of hypothalamic lesions on colour change in tadpoles of Xenopus laevis. 1975, Pubmed , Xenbase
Theunis, Immunocytochemical localization in the central nervous system of four different insect species of molecules immunoreactive against peptides present in the caudodorsal cells of Lymnaea stagnalis. 1990, Pubmed
Thornton, The effects of change of background colour on the rate of [3H]leucine incorporation and total melanocyte-stimulating hormone content of the pars intermedia of Xenopus laevis. 1970, Pubmed , Xenbase
Thorsell, Behavioral and endocrine adaptation, and up-regulation of NPY expression in rat amygdala following repeated restraint stress. 1999, Pubmed
Tonosaki, Low temperature stimulates alpha-melanophore-stimulating hormone secretion and inhibits background adaptation in Xenopus laevis. 2004, Pubmed , Xenbase
Tuinhof, Involvement of retinohypothalamic input, suprachiasmatic nucleus, magnocellular nucleus and locus coeruleus in control of melanotrope cells of Xenopus laevis: a retrograde and anterograde tracing study. 1994, Pubmed , Xenbase
Tuinhof, The role of hypothalamic nuclei in the dopaminergic control of background adaptation in Xenopus laevis. 1993, Pubmed , Xenbase
Tuinhof, Immunocytochemistry and in situ hybridization of neuropeptide Y in the hypothalamus of Xenopus laevis in relation to background adaptation. 1993, Pubmed , Xenbase
Ubink, Physiologically induced Fos expression in the hypothalamo-hypophyseal system of Xenopus laevis. 1997, Pubmed , Xenbase
Ubink, Identification of suprachiasmatic melanotrope-inhibiting neurons in Xenopus laevis: a confocal laser-scanning microscopy study. 1998, Pubmed , Xenbase
Ubink, Serotonergic innervation of the pituitary pars intermedia of xenopus laevis. 1999, Pubmed , Xenbase
Valentino, Peptides that fine-tune the serotonin system. 2005, Pubmed
Van Heumen, Light and electron microscopic immunocytochemical demonstration of synthesis, storage, and release sites of the neuropeptide calfluxin in Lymnaea stagnalis. 1992, Pubmed
Van Pett, Distribution of mRNAs encoding CRF receptors in brain and pituitary of rat and mouse. 2000, Pubmed
Van Strien, Acetylcholine autoexcites the release of proopiomelanocortin-derived peptides from melanotrope cells of Xenopus laevis via an M1 muscarinic receptor. 1996, Pubmed , Xenbase
Van Wijk, Ultrastructural and immunocytochemical characterization of the rat non-preganglionic Edinger-Westphal nucleus. 2009, Pubmed
Vaudry, [Melanotropic hormone in the green frog (Rana esculenta): biochemical and radioimmunological study]. 1976, Pubmed
Vaudry, Biosynthesis, processing and release of pro-opiomelanocortin related peptides in the intermediate lobe of the pituitary gland of the frog (Rana ridibunda). 1984, Pubmed
Vaudry, The frog pars intermedia contains only the non-acetylated form of alpha-MSH: acetylation to generate alpha-MSH occurs during the release process. 1983, Pubmed
Vaughan, Urocortin, a mammalian neuropeptide related to fish urotensin I and to corticotropin-releasing factor. 1995, Pubmed
Verburg-Van Kemenade, Characteristics of receptors for dopamine in the pars intermedia of the amphibian Xenopus laevis. 1986, Pubmed , Xenbase
Verburg-Van Kemenade, GABA and dopamine act directly on melanotropes of Xenopus to inhibit MSH secretion. 1986, Pubmed , Xenbase
Verburg-van Kemenade, An NPY-like peptide may function as MSH-release inhibiting factor in Xenopus laevis. 1987, Pubmed , Xenbase
Verburg-van Kemenade, GABAergic regulation of melanocyte-stimulating hormone secretion from the pars intermedia of Xenopus laevis: immunocytochemical and physiological evidence. 1986, Pubmed , Xenbase
Verburg-van Kemenade, Characterization of gamma-aminobutyric acid receptors in the neurointermediate lobe of the amphibian Xenopus laevis. 1987, Pubmed , Xenbase
Verburg-van Kemenade, Assessment of TRH as a potential MSH release stimulating factor in Xenopus laevis. 1987, Pubmed , Xenbase
Verburg-van Kemenade, Regulation of melanotropin release from the pars intermedia of the amphibian Xenopus laevis: evaluation of the involvement of serotonergic, cholinergic, or adrenergic receptor mechanisms. 1986, Pubmed , Xenbase
Vetter, Urocortin-deficient mice show hearing impairment and increased anxiety-like behavior. 2002, Pubmed
Viau, Hypophysiotropic neurons of the paraventricular nucleus respond in spatially, temporally, and phenotypically differentiated manners to acute vs. repeated restraint stress: rapid publication. 2002, Pubmed
Volcanes, Stereological analysis of the effects of 6-hydroxydopamine on the ultrastructure of the melanocyte-stimulating hormone cell of the pars intermedia of the pituitary of Xenopus laevis. 1976, Pubmed , Xenbase
Vreugdenhil, The molecular basis of the neuro-endocrine control of egg-laying behaviour in Lymnaea. 1985, Pubmed
Vreugdenhil, Isolation, characterization, and evolutionary aspects of a cDNA clone encoding multiple neuropeptides involved in the stereotyped egg-laying behavior of the freshwater snail Lymnaea stagnalis. 1988, Pubmed
Vázquez-Martínez, Analysis by mass spectrometry of POMC-derived peptides in amphibian melanotrope subpopulations. 1999, Pubmed
Wang, Activity-dependent dynamics of coexisting brain-derived neurotrophic factor, pro-opiomelanocortin and alpha-melanophore-stimulating hormone in melanotrope cells of Xenopus laevis. 2004, Pubmed , Xenbase
Wang, Brain-derived neurotrophic factor in the hypothalamo-hypophyseal system of Xenopus laevis. 2005, Pubmed , Xenbase
Watabe, Diurnal rhythm of plasma immunoreactive corticotropin-releasing factor in normal subjects. 1987, Pubmed
Weatherhead, Quantification of ultrastructural changes in the 'melanocyte-stimulating hormone cell' of the pars intermedia of the pituitary of Xenopus laevis, produced by change of background colour. 1972, Pubmed , Xenbase
Weinert, Evolution of a conceptual model for adaptation to chronic illness. 2008, Pubmed
Weitemier, Urocortin 1 distribution in mouse brain is strain-dependent. 2005, Pubmed
Wendelaar Bonga, Ultrastructure and histochemistry of neurosecretory cells and neurohaemal areas in the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis (L.). 1970, Pubmed
Wendelaar Bonga, Ultrastructure of the reno-pericardial system in the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis (L.). 1969, Pubmed
Weninger, Stress-induced behaviors require the corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) receptor, but not CRH. 1999, Pubmed
Weninger, Urocortin expression in the Edinger-Westphal nucleus is up-regulated by stress and corticotropin-releasing hormone deficiency. 2000, Pubmed
Xu, Sex-specific effects of fasting on urocortin 1, cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript peptide and nesfatin-1 expression in the rat Edinger-Westphal nucleus. 2009, Pubmed
Xu, Stress-related changes in the activity of cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript and nesfatin neurons in the midbrain non-preganglionic Edinger-Westphal nucleus in the rat. 2010, Pubmed
Yamada, High-resolution turbo magnetic resonance angiography for diagnosis of Moyamoya disease. 2001, Pubmed
Yamazoe, Distribution of neuropeptide Y in the lower brainstem: an immunohistochemical analysis. 1985, Pubmed
Yu, Modeling interactions between electrical activity and second-messenger cascades in Aplysia neuron R15. 2004, Pubmed
Zhang, Calcium channel kinetics of melanotrope cells in Xenopus laevis depend on environmental stimulation. 2008, Pubmed , Xenbase
Zhang, Melanotrope cells of Xenopus laevis express multiple types of high-voltage-activated Ca2+ channels. 2005, Pubmed , Xenbase
Zhang, Receptors for neuropeptide Y, gamma-aminobutyric acid and dopamine differentially regulate Ca2+ currents in Xenopus melanotrope cells via the G(i) protein beta/gamma-subunit. 2006, Pubmed , Xenbase
Zhang, Dopamine D2-receptor activation differentially inhibits N- and R-type Ca2+ channels in Xenopus melanotrope cells. 2004, Pubmed , Xenbase
de Jong-Brink, Schistosomin, an antagonist of calfluxin. 1988, Pubmed
de Rijk, Demonstration of coexisting catecholamine (dopamine), amino acid (GABA), and peptide (NPY) involved in inhibition of melanotrope cell activity in Xenopus laevis: a quantitative ultrastructural, freeze-substitution immunocytochemical study. 1992, Pubmed , Xenbase
de Rijk, GABA and neuropeptide Y co-exist in axons innervating the neurointermediate lobe of the pituitary of Xenopus laevis--an immunoelectron microscopic study. 1990, Pubmed , Xenbase
de Rijk, Morphology of the pars intermedia and the melanophore-stimulating cells in Xenopus laevis in relation to background adaptation. 1990, Pubmed , Xenbase
de Vlieger, Morphology and electrophysiology of the ovulation hormone producing neuro-endocrine cells of the freshwater snail Lymnaea stagnalis (L.). 1980, Pubmed
ter Maat, Egg laying in the hermaphrodite pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis. 1992, Pubmed
ter Maat, Chemically mediated positive feedback generates long-lasting afterdischarge in a molluscan neuroendocrine system. 1988, Pubmed
ter Maat, Integration of biphasic synaptic input by electrotonically coupled neuroendocrine caudodorsal cells in the pond snail. 1983, Pubmed
van Heumen, Immuno-electron microscopy of sorting and release of neuropeptides in Lymnaea stagnalis. 1991, Pubmed
van Strien, Cholinergic regulation of the pituitary: autoexcitatory control by acetylcholine of melanotrope cell activity in Xenopus laevis. 1998, Pubmed , Xenbase
van Strien, Alpha,N-acetyl beta-endorphin [1-8] is the terminal product of processing of endorphins in the melanotrope cells of Xenopus laevis, as demonstrated by FAB tandem mass spectrometry. 1993, Pubmed , Xenbase
van Strien, Demonstration of dopamine in electron-dense synaptic vesicles in the pars intermedia of Xenopus laevis, by freeze substitution and postembedding immunogold electron microscopy. 1991, Pubmed , Xenbase
van Strien, Differential acetylation of pro-opiomelanocortin-derived peptides in the pituitary gland of Xenopus laevis in relation to background adaptation. 1995, Pubmed , Xenbase
van Strien, Biosynthesis and processing of the N-terminal part of proopiomelanocortin in Xenopus laevis: characterization of gamma-MSH peptides. 1995, Pubmed , Xenbase
van Wijk, Neurochemistry and plasticity of the median eminence and neural pituitary lobe in relation to background adaptation of Xenopus laevis. 2009, Pubmed , Xenbase
van Wijk, Ultrastructural and neurochemical architecture of the pituitary neural lobe of Xenopus laevis. 2010, Pubmed , Xenbase
van de Veerdonk, A contribution to the analysis of the mechanism of MSH-induced dispersion in the melanophores of Xenopus laevis. 1969, Pubmed , Xenbase
van den Hurk, Intracellular signal transduction by the extracellular calcium-sensing receptor of Xenopus melanotrope cells. 2008, Pubmed , Xenbase
van den Hurk, Expression and characterization of the extracellular Ca(2+)-sensing receptor in melanotrope cells of Xenopus laevis. 2003, Pubmed , Xenbase
van den Hurk, The extracellular calcium-sensing receptor increases the number of calcium steps and action currents in pituitary melanotrope cells. 2005, Pubmed , Xenbase
van den Hurk, Calcium influx through voltage-operated calcium channels is required for proopiomelanocortin protein expression in Xenopus melanotropes. 2005, Pubmed , Xenbase