Click here to close
Hello! We notice that you are using Internet Explorer, which is not supported by Xenbase and may cause the site to display incorrectly.
We suggest using a current version of Chrome,
FireFox, or Safari.
Microtubule redistribution in growth cones elicited by focal inactivation of kinesin-5.
Nadar VC
,
Lin S
,
Baas PW
.
???displayArticle.abstract???
In order for growth cones to turn, microtubules from the central domain must preferentially invade the peripheral domain in the direction of the turn. Recent studies suggest that kinesin-5 (also called Eg5 or kif11) suppresses the invasion of microtubules into the peripheral domain on the side of the growth cone opposite the direction of turning. In theory, kinesin-5 could elicit these effects by acting on the microtubules within the peripheral domain itself, by acting on microtubules in the central domain, or in the transition zone between these two domains. In rat neurons expressing kinesin-5, we documented the presence of kinesin-5 in both domains of the growth cone and especially enriched in the transition zone. We then focally inactivated kinesin-5 in various regions of the growth cone, using micro-chromophore-assisted laser inactivation. We found that a greater invasion of microtubules into the peripheral domain occurred when kinesin-5 was inactivated specifically in the transition zone. However, there was no effect on microtubule invasion into the peripheral domain when kinesin-5 was inactivated in the peripheral domain itself or in the central domain. In other experiments, frog growth cones were observed to turn toward a gradient of a drug that inhibits kinesin-5, confirming that asymmetric inactivation of kinesin-5 can cause the growth cone to turn. Finally, expression of a phospho-mutant of kinesin-5 resulted in greater microtubule invasion throughout the peripheral domain and an inhibition of growth cone turning, implicating phosphorylation as a means by which kinesin-5 is regulated in the growth cone.
Aletta,
Growth cone configuration and advance: a time-lapse study using video-enhanced differential interference contrast microscopy.
1988, Pubmed
Aletta,
Growth cone configuration and advance: a time-lapse study using video-enhanced differential interference contrast microscopy.
1988,
Pubmed
Baas,
Hooks and comets: The story of microtubule polarity orientation in the neuron.
2011,
Pubmed
Baas,
Microtubules and neuronal polarity: lessons from mitosis.
1999,
Pubmed
Blangy,
Phosphorylation by p34cdc2 regulates spindle association of human Eg5, a kinesin-related motor essential for bipolar spindle formation in vivo.
1995,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Buck,
Growth cone turning induced by direct local modification of microtubule dynamics.
2002,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Burnette,
Myosin II activity facilitates microtubule bundling in the neuronal growth cone neck.
2008,
Pubmed
Cahu,
Phosphorylation by Cdk1 increases the binding of Eg5 to microtubules in vitro and in Xenopus egg extract spindles.
2008,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Challacombe,
Dynamic microtubule ends are required for growth cone turning to avoid an inhibitory guidance cue.
1997,
Pubmed
Cole,
A "slow" homotetrameric kinesin-related motor protein purified from Drosophila embryos.
1994,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Conde,
Microtubule assembly, organization and dynamics in axons and dendrites.
2009,
Pubmed
Dent,
The growth cone cytoskeleton in axon outgrowth and guidance.
2011,
Pubmed
Ferenz,
Dynein antagonizes eg5 by crosslinking and sliding antiparallel microtubules.
2009,
Pubmed
Ferhat,
Expression of the mitotic motor protein Eg5 in postmitotic neurons: implications for neuronal development.
1998,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Gaglio,
Opposing motor activities are required for the organization of the mammalian mitotic spindle pole.
1996,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Geraldo,
Cytoskeletal dynamics in growth-cone steering.
2009,
Pubmed
Goldberg,
Stages in axon formation: observations of growth of Aplysia axons in culture using video-enhanced contrast-differential interference contrast microscopy.
1986,
Pubmed
Grabham,
Cytoplasmic dynein and LIS1 are required for microtubule advance during growth cone remodeling and fast axonal outgrowth.
2007,
Pubmed
Guirland,
Direct cAMP signaling through G-protein-coupled receptors mediates growth cone attraction induced by pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide.
2003,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Gómez,
Imaging calcium dynamics in developing neurons.
2003,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Haque,
Monastrol, a prototype anti-cancer drug that inhibits a mitotic kinesin, induces rapid bursts of axonal outgrowth from cultured postmitotic neurons.
2004,
Pubmed
He,
Role of cytoplasmic dynein in the axonal transport of microtubules and neurofilaments.
2005,
Pubmed
Kashina,
A bipolar kinesin.
1996,
Pubmed
Kashina,
The bimC family of kinesins: essential bipolar mitotic motors driving centrosome separation.
1997,
Pubmed
Koester,
Adenomatous polyposis coli is differentially distributed in growth cones and modulates their steering.
2007,
Pubmed
Kollu,
Interplay of microtubule dynamics and sliding during bipolar spindle formation in mammalian cells.
2009,
Pubmed
Liu,
Kinesin-12, a mitotic microtubule-associated motor protein, impacts axonal growth, navigation, and branching.
2010,
Pubmed
Liu,
Tau is required for neurite outgrowth and growth cone motility of chick sensory neurons.
1999,
Pubmed
Lowery,
The trip of the tip: understanding the growth cone machinery.
2009,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Ma,
Poleward transport of TPX2 in the mammalian mitotic spindle requires dynein, Eg5, and microtubule flux.
2010,
Pubmed
Mack,
The microtubule-associated protein MAP1B is involved in local stabilization of turning growth cones.
2000,
Pubmed
McLean,
Mechanism of chromophore assisted laser inactivation employing fluorescent proteins.
2009,
Pubmed
Medeiros,
Myosin II functions in actin-bundle turnover in neuronal growth cones.
2006,
Pubmed
Myers,
Microtubule transport in the axon: Re-thinking a potential role for the actin cytoskeleton.
2006,
Pubmed
Myers,
Kinesin-5 regulates the growth of the axon by acting as a brake on its microtubule array.
2007,
Pubmed
Nadar,
Kinesin-5 is essential for growth-cone turning.
2008,
Pubmed
Rapley,
The NIMA-family kinase Nek6 phosphorylates the kinesin Eg5 at a novel site necessary for mitotic spindle formation.
2008,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Saunders,
Kinesin-5 acts as a brake in anaphase spindle elongation.
2007,
Pubmed
Sawin,
Mitotic spindle organization by a plus-end-directed microtubule motor.
1992,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Stepanova,
Visualization of microtubule growth in cultured neurons via the use of EB3-GFP (end-binding protein 3-green fluorescent protein).
2003,
Pubmed
Suter,
Microtubule dynamics are necessary for SRC family kinase-dependent growth cone steering.
2004,
Pubmed
Tanaka,
The role of microtubules in growth cone turning at substrate boundaries.
1995,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Tanenbaum,
Dynein, Lis1 and CLIP-170 counteract Eg5-dependent centrosome separation during bipolar spindle assembly.
2008,
Pubmed
Weinger,
A nonmotor microtubule binding site in kinesin-5 is required for filament crosslinking and sliding.
2011,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Williamson,
Microtubule reorganization is obligatory for growth cone turning.
1996,
Pubmed
van den Wildenberg,
The homotetrameric kinesin-5 KLP61F preferentially crosslinks microtubules into antiparallel orientations.
2008,
Pubmed
