Imaizumi K , Shih JY , Farris HE .

P20RR016816 NCRR NIH HHS , P30 GM103340 NIGMS NIH HHS , P20 RR016816 NCRR NIH HHS

	Figure 1. Development of spontaneous Ca2+ events in Xenopus tectum depends on stage but not visual-experience.(A) Movie frame of optic tectum stained by OGB-1AM. Spontaneous Ca2+ events were assessed in the neuropil (Np; surrounded by a dashed line). C: cell body layer, V: ventricular layer, R: rostral, L: lateral. (B) Example traces of spontaneous Ca2+ events in tecta reared under a control 12/12 hours light/dark cycle (CTRL: left column) and a dark condition (Dark: right column) at different developmental stages. (C–D) Analysis of event frequency and magnitude of spontaneous activity. Within-stage comparisons between the two rearing conditions were performed by unpaired t-test (left column). Between-stage comparisons after pooling the two rearing conditions were performed by Fisher's protected least significant difference test (right column). (C) Mean ± S.D. of event frequency in each groups is; 2.7 ± 1.0 (CTRL) vs. 3.9 ± 0.8 (Dark) at stage 45/46, 3.8 ± 1.0 vs. 3.7 ± 1.2 at stage 47/48, and 2.5 ± 1.0 vs. 2.7 ± 1.0 at stage 49/50. (D) Mean ± S.D. of event magnitude in each group is; 12.2 ± 8.1 (CTRL) vs. 15.1 ± 7.6 (Dark) at stage 45/46, 24.3 ± 9.1 vs. 28.9 ± 6.8 at stage 47/48, and 25.8 ± 10.8 vs. 16.2 ± 11.4 at stage 49/50. (E) Coefficient of variation (CV) of inter-event intervals (IEIs) of spontaneous activity. Mean ± S.D. of CV of IEI in each group is; 0.56 ± 0.14 (CTRL) vs. 0.53 ± 0.18 at stage 45/46, 0.48 ± 0.08 vs. 0.59 ± 0.18 at stage 47/48, and 0.59 ± 0.15 vs. 0.64 ± 0.12 at stage 49/50. Sample size at each stage in the two different rearing conditions is noted in (E). *: p<0.05, **: p<0.01, ***: p<0.001. Error bars are S.E.M.
	Figure 2. Experience-dependent synchrony in spontaneous Ca2+ events between neurons.(A–C) Examples from two tecta at stage 48 that varied in spontaneous Ca2+ event synchrony (left column: control light/dark; right column: dark-reared). (A) Raster plots of spontaneous Ca2+ events in single neurons and the neuropil (Np) illustrated by black and red dots, respectively. (B) Example traces of 13 single neurons and the neuropil shown in (A). (C) Matrix of maximum correlation coefficient (MCC) values for all cell pairs (including the neuropil) in cross correlation functions (CCFs). Insets: Examples of CCFs. Peak is MCC. A dashed line is 99% confidence threshold of CCFs. Time scale is between −100 s and 100 s. Medians of MCC values: 0.41 (left), 0.71 (right). (D) Comparisons of MCC values under different rearing conditions and at different stages. Box plots illustrate medians (thick horizontal lines), quartiles (box heights), 10th and 90th percentiles (error bars), and the outliers (circles). Statistical comparisons were performed by a resampling test. Pair numbers are illustrated below each distribution (bottom left). For multiple comparisons (right), p values were adjusted by Bonferroni correction. *: p<0.05, ***: p<0.001, ****: p<0.0001.
	Figure 3. Synchronized spontaneous activity between neurons.Ca2+ imaging was made by a faster frame speed (20 fps). (A) Ca2+ traces in seven neurons and the neuropil (Np). Gray lines are raw traces. Black and red lines are running average traces for illustration. (B) Maximum correlation coefficient (MCC) values for all pairs in cross correlation functions (CCFs) in a matrix. Cells are approximately aligned based on the distance along one direction. Inserts: Examples of CCFs for two pairs. Horizontal dashed lines illustrate the 99% of confidence threshold. A vertical dashed line is at a 0 s time lag.
	Figure 4. Neural transmission efficacy from the input (the neuropil) to the outpur (somata) layer is computed by mean maximum correlation coefficient (MCC) between the neuropil and cells.Within-stage comparisons between two rearing conditions were performed by unpaired t-tests (left column). Between-stage comparisons after pooling the two rearing conditions were performed by Fisher's protected least significant difference test (right column). Error bars are S.E.M. No significant difference suggests efficient neural transmission regardless of rearing conditions and developmental stages. Sample size at each stage in the two different rearing conditions is noted (left panel).
	Figure 5. Manipulation of input to the optic tectum.(A–D) Effect of enucleating the contralateral eye on spontaneous activity. Spontaneous Ca2+ events were assessed in a large area including the cell body layer and the neuropil. (A) Two examples of spontaneous Ca2+ events before (left) and after enucleation (right). (B–D) Event frequency, magnitude, and CV of IEIs of spontaneous activity before and after the enucleation. Data are normalized to the values before the manipulation. Comparisons were performed by paired t-tests in 10 tecta. (E–H) Effect of cutting the connection from the hindbrain to the tectum. (E) Two examples of spontaneous Ca2+ events before (left) and after cutting the connection between the tectum and the hindbrain (right). (F–H) Event frequency, magnitude, and CVs of IEIs of spontaneous activity before and after cutting the connection. *: p<0.05. (I–L) Effect of enucleating the contralateral eye and cutting the connection from the hindbrain to the tectum. (I) Two examples of spontaneous Ca2+ events before (left) and after the paired manipulations (right). (J–L) Event frequency, magnitude, and CVs of IEIs of spontaneous activity before and after the paired manipulations. ***: p<0.001. In (L), two cases that lost spontaneous activity after the manipulations were not included. Error bars are S.E.M. Colors in (A, E, and I) correspond to the same tecta in (B–D, F–H, and J–L). HB: hindbrain.
	Figure 6. Contrast between local non-neuronal and global neuronal synchronization.(A) ROIs of neurons (yellow circles), non-neuronal cells (blue circles) and neuropil (red dashed line) on average of three movie frames. Yellow dashed circles illustrate ROIs of neurons without spontaneous activity. Blue filled circles represent seven non-neuronal cells used in (B, D, and E). (B) Raster plot of spontaneous Ca2+ events of 62 neurons (gray), the neuropil (red), and 61 non-neuronal cells (black and blue). Note the global structure of spontaneous Ca2+ events in neurons and the neuropil and lack of that in non-neuronal cells. (C) MCC values of CCFs for all pairs of single neurons and the neuropil (top) and non-neuronal cells (bottom). Medians of MCC values: 0.48 for neurons and neuropil, 0.44 for non-neuronal cells. (D) Spontaneous Ca2+ traces of two neurons (gray), the neuropil (Np) (red), and 12 non-neuronal cells (black and blue). Spontaneous Ca2+ traces (blue) in seven non-neuronal cells were analyzed for local interactions. (E) Assessing local interactions among seven non-neuronal cells were performed by CCF analysis. Insets illustrate seven CCFs to show complex interactions.

Ackman, Retinal waves coordinate patterned activity throughout the developing visual system. 2012, Pubmed

Ackman, Retinal waves coordinate patterned activity throughout the developing visual system. 2012, Pubmed
Akerman, Depolarizing GABAergic conductances regulate the balance of excitation to inhibition in the developing retinotectal circuit in vivo. 2006, Pubmed , Xenbase
Bestman, In vivo time-lapse imaging of cell proliferation and differentiation in the optic tectum of Xenopus laevis tadpoles. 2012, Pubmed , Xenbase
Blankenship, Mechanisms underlying spontaneous patterned activity in developing neural circuits. 2010, Pubmed
Bollmann, Subcellular topography of visually driven dendritic activity in the vertebrate visual system. 2009, Pubmed , Xenbase
Brustein, "In vivo" monitoring of neuronal network activity in zebrafish by two-photon Ca(2+) imaging. 2003, Pubmed
Buzsáki, Neuronal oscillations in cortical networks. 2004, Pubmed
Cang, Development of precise maps in visual cortex requires patterned spontaneous activity in the retina. 2005, Pubmed
Ch'ng, Cellular imaging of visual cortex reveals the spatial and functional organization of spontaneous activity. 2010, Pubmed
Cohen-Cory, Neurotrophic regulation of retinal ganglion cell synaptic connectivity: from axons and dendrites to synapses. 2004, Pubmed , Xenbase
Debski, Activity-dependent mapping in the retinotectal projection. 2002, Pubmed
Deeg, Sensory modality-specific homeostatic plasticity in the developing optic tectum. 2011, Pubmed , Xenbase
Deeg, Development of multisensory convergence in the Xenopus optic tectum. 2009, Pubmed , Xenbase
Demas, Vision drives correlated activity without patterned spontaneous activity in developing Xenopus retina. 2012, Pubmed , Xenbase
Dunfield, Metaplasticity governs natural experience-driven plasticity of nascent embryonic brain circuits. 2009, Pubmed , Xenbase
El-Hassar, Cell domain-dependent changes in the glutamatergic and GABAergic drives during epileptogenesis in the rat CA1 region. 2007, Pubmed
Fries, A mechanism for cognitive dynamics: neuronal communication through neuronal coherence. 2005, Pubmed
Golshani, Internally mediated developmental desynchronization of neocortical network activity. 2009, Pubmed
Herrero, Tectotectal connectivity in goldfish. 1999, Pubmed
Hiramoto, Convergence of multisensory inputs in Xenopus tadpole tectum. 2009, Pubmed , Xenbase
Holt, Position, guidance, and mapping in the developing visual system. 1993, Pubmed
Horowitz, Development of tectal connectivity across metamorphosis in the bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana). 2010, Pubmed
Katz, Synaptic activity and the construction of cortical circuits. 1996, Pubmed
Kenet, Spontaneously emerging cortical representations of visual attributes. 2003, Pubmed
Kerr, Imaging input and output of neocortical networks in vivo. 2005, Pubmed
Klueva, Developmental downregulation of GABAergic drive parallels formation of functional synapses in cultured mouse neocortical networks. 2008, Pubmed
Marder, Understanding circuit dynamics using the stomatogastric nervous system of lobsters and crabs. 2007, Pubmed
Marín, Evolution of the basal ganglia in tetrapods: a new perspective based on recent studies in amphibians. 1998, Pubmed
Miraucourt, GABA expression and regulation by sensory experience in the developing visual system. 2012, Pubmed , Xenbase
Niell, Functional imaging reveals rapid development of visual response properties in the zebrafish tectum. 2005, Pubmed
Nikolaou, Parametric functional maps of visual inputs to the tectum. 2012, Pubmed
Pratt, Development and spike timing-dependent plasticity of recurrent excitation in the Xenopus optic tectum. 2008, Pubmed , Xenbase
Pratt, Homeostatic regulation of intrinsic excitability and synaptic transmission in a developing visual circuit. 2007, Pubmed , Xenbase
Ruthazer, Learning to see: patterned visual activity and the development of visual function. 2010, Pubmed
Ruthazer, Insights into activity-dependent map formation from the retinotectal system: a middle-of-the-brain perspective. 2004, Pubmed
Siegel, Peripheral and central inputs shape network dynamics in the developing visual cortex in vivo. 2012, Pubmed
Sin, Dendrite growth increased by visual activity requires NMDA receptor and Rho GTPases. 2002, Pubmed , Xenbase
Sumbre, Entrained rhythmic activities of neuronal ensembles as perceptual memory of time interval. 2008, Pubmed
Tao, Activity-dependent matching of excitatory and inhibitory inputs during refinement of visual receptive fields. 2005, Pubmed , Xenbase
Thévenaz, A pyramid approach to subpixel registration based on intensity. 1998, Pubmed
Tremblay, Regulation of radial glial motility by visual experience. 2009, Pubmed , Xenbase
Tsodyks, Linking spontaneous activity of single cortical neurons and the underlying functional architecture. 1999, Pubmed
Varela, The brainweb: phase synchronization and large-scale integration. 2001, Pubmed
Wang, Neurophysiological and computational principles of cortical rhythms in cognition. 2010, Pubmed
Warp, Emergence of patterned activity in the developing zebrafish spinal cord. 2012, Pubmed
Xu, Visual experience-dependent maturation of correlated neuronal activity patterns in a developing visual system. 2011, Pubmed , Xenbase
Yaksi, Reconstruction of firing rate changes across neuronal populations by temporally deconvolved Ca2+ imaging. 2006, Pubmed
Zhang, A critical window for cooperation and competition among developing retinotectal synapses. 1998, Pubmed , Xenbase