Click here to close
Hello! We notice that you are using Internet Explorer, which is not supported by Xenbase and may cause the site to display incorrectly.
We suggest using a current version of Chrome,
FireFox, or Safari.
???displayArticle.abstract???
The first 12 cleavage divisions in Xenopus embryos provide a natural experiment in size scaling, as cell radius decreases ∼16-fold with little change in biochemistry. Analyzing both natural cleavage and egg extract partitioned into droplets revealed that mitotic spindle size scales with cell size, with an upper limit in very large cells. We discuss spindle-size scaling in the small- and large-cell regimes with a focus on the "limiting-component" hypotheses. Zygotes and early blastomeres show a scaling mismatch between spindle and cell size. This problem is solved, we argue, by interphase asters that act to position the spindle and transport chromosomes to the center of daughter cells. These tasks are executed by the spindle in smaller cells. We end by discussing possible mechanisms that limit mitotic aster size and promote interphase aster growth to cell-spanning dimensions.
Belmont,
Real-time visualization of cell cycle-dependent changes in microtubule dynamics in cytoplasmic extracts.
1990, Pubmed,
Xenbase
Belmont,
Real-time visualization of cell cycle-dependent changes in microtubule dynamics in cytoplasmic extracts.
1990,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Carvalho,
Structural memory in the contractile ring makes the duration of cytokinesis independent of cell size.
2009,
Pubmed
Chan,
How cells know the size of their organelles.
2012,
Pubmed
Chang,
Mitotic trigger waves and the spatial coordination of the Xenopus cell cycle.
2013,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Collart,
Titration of four replication factors is essential for the Xenopus laevis midblastula transition.
2013,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Dumont,
Compression regulates mitotic spindle length by a mechanochemical switch at the poles.
2009,
Pubmed
Dumont,
Force and length in the mitotic spindle.
2009,
Pubmed
FANKHAUSER,
Maintenance of normal structure in heteroploid salamander larvae, through compensation of changes in cell size by adjustment of cell number and cell shape.
1945,
Pubmed
Goehring,
Organelle growth control through limiting pools of cytoplasmic components.
2012,
Pubmed
Good,
Cytoplasmic volume modulates spindle size during embryogenesis.
2013,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Goodwin,
Patronin regulates the microtubule network by protecting microtubule minus ends.
2010,
Pubmed
Goshima,
Control of mitotic spindle length.
2010,
Pubmed
Greenan,
Centrosome size sets mitotic spindle length in Caenorhabditis elegans embryos.
2010,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Gruss,
Ran induces spindle assembly by reversing the inhibitory effect of importin alpha on TPX2 activity.
2001,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Hara,
An allometric relationship between mitotic spindle width, spindle length, and ploidy in Caenorhabditis elegans embryos.
2013,
Pubmed
Hazel,
Changes in cytoplasmic volume are sufficient to drive spindle scaling.
2013,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Holmfeldt,
Aneugenic activity of Op18/stathmin is potentiated by the somatic Q18-->e mutation in leukemic cells.
2006,
Pubmed
Hunt,
On the regulation of protein phosphatase 2A and its role in controlling entry into and exit from mitosis.
2013,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Hutchins,
Systematic analysis of human protein complexes identifies chromosome segregation proteins.
2010,
Pubmed
Ishihara,
Microtubule nucleation remote from centrosomes may explain how asters span large cells.
2014,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Kalab,
The RanGTP gradient - a GPS for the mitotic spindle.
2008,
Pubmed
Karsenti,
The mitotic spindle: a self-made machine.
2001,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Kimura,
Intracellular organelles mediate cytoplasmic pulling force for centrosome centration in the Caenorhabditis elegans early embryo.
2011,
Pubmed
Kiyomitsu,
Cortical dynein and asymmetric membrane elongation coordinately position the spindle in anaphase.
2013,
Pubmed
Lancaster,
Mitotic rounding alters cell geometry to ensure efficient bipolar spindle formation.
2013,
Pubmed
Levy,
Mechanisms of intracellular scaling.
2012,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Levy,
Nuclear size is regulated by importin α and Ntf2 in Xenopus.
2010,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Loughlin,
Katanin contributes to interspecies spindle length scaling in Xenopus.
2011,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Meng,
Anchorage of microtubule minus ends to adherens junctions regulates epithelial cell-cell contacts.
2008,
Pubmed
Minc,
Influence of cell geometry on division-plane positioning.
2011,
Pubmed
Mitchison,
Growth, interaction, and positioning of microtubule asters in extremely large vertebrate embryo cells.
2012,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Murata,
Microtubule-dependent microtubule nucleation based on recruitment of gamma-tubulin in higher plants.
2005,
Pubmed
Newport,
A major developmental transition in early Xenopus embryos: I. characterization and timing of cellular changes at the midblastula stage.
1982,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Newport,
A major developmental transition in early Xenopus embryos: II. Control of the onset of transcription.
1982,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Niethammer,
Discrete states of a protein interaction network govern interphase and mitotic microtubule dynamics.
2007,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Petry,
Branching microtubule nucleation in Xenopus egg extracts mediated by augmin and TPX2.
2013,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Reber,
XMAP215 activity sets spindle length by controlling the total mass of spindle microtubules.
2013,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Salje,
The ParMRC system: molecular mechanisms of plasmid segregation by actin-like filaments.
2010,
Pubmed
Silljé,
HURP is a Ran-importin beta-regulated protein that stabilizes kinetochore microtubules in the vicinity of chromosomes.
2006,
Pubmed
Tanaka,
Nezha/CAMSAP3 and CAMSAP2 cooperate in epithelial-specific organization of noncentrosomal microtubules.
2012,
Pubmed
Tsai,
Changes in oscillatory dynamics in the cell cycle of early Xenopus laevis embryos.
2014,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Varga,
Kinesin-8 motors act cooperatively to mediate length-dependent microtubule depolymerization.
2009,
Pubmed
Verde,
Control of microtubule dynamics and length by cyclin A- and cyclin B-dependent kinases in Xenopus egg extracts.
1992,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Wilbur,
Mitotic spindle scaling during Xenopus development by kif2a and importin α.
2013,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Wühr,
Evidence for an upper limit to mitotic spindle length.
2008,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Wühr,
A model for cleavage plane determination in early amphibian and fish embryos.
2010,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
